{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:09:00Z","timestamp":1785920940489,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]],"date-time":"2025-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NCAT CTSA","award":["UL1TR003015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR003015"]}]},{"name":"NCAT CTSA","award":["KL2TR003016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR003016"]}]},{"name":"NCAT CTSA","award":["R01DA059660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059660"]}]},{"name":"NCAT CTSA","award":["R01HL173379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL173379"]}]},{"name":"NCAT CTSA","award":["R01HL167202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL167202"]}]},{"name":"NCAT CTSA","award":["R01HL132177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL132177"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["UL1TR003015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR003015"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["KL2TR003016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR003016"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01DA059660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059660"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01HL173379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL173379"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01HL167202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL167202"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01HL132177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL132177"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperpolarized xenon-129 MRI (129XeMRI) has emerged as a powerful tool in the identification, evaluation, and assessment of disease endotyping and in response to interventions for a myriad of pulmonary diseases. Growing investigative efforts ranging from basic science to application in translational research have employed 129XeMRI in the evaluation of pulmonary conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), asthma, and cystic fibrosis (CF). The novel feature of 129XeMRI is its ability to generate anatomic and physiologic readouts of the lung with resolution from the whole lung down to the lobar level. Additional advantages include being non-invasive and non-radioactive, and utilizing an inexpensive and ubiquitous noble gas as an inhalation contrast agent: xenon-129. In this review, we outline the clinical advances provided by 129XeMRI among common pulmonary diseases with high healthcare burdens in recent decades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15040474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T10:26:12Z","timestamp":1739787972000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 MRI: Narrative Review of Clinical Studies, Testing, and Implementation of Advanced Pulmonary In Vivo Imaging and Its Diagnostic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0919-242X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie L.","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humam M.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Alabama Medical Center, 1701 Veterans Dr., Florence, Al 35630, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ava","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Myc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Alabama Medical Center, 1701 Veterans Dr., Florence, Al 35630, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3780-3371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Michael","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21707","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011912107","article-title":"Simultaneous Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Ventilation Distribution and Gas Uptake in the Human Lung Using Hyperpolarized Xenon-129","volume":"107","author":"Mugler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. 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