{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:07:15Z","timestamp":1790996835781,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences (JP 05\/22), University of Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucosal melanomas (MMs) are under-researched tumors with a poor prognosis that arise from melanocytes found in the mucous membranes at different anatomical locations throughout the body. MMs are an uncommon yet highly aggressive tumor that typically develops on mucosal surfaces, predominantly in the head and neck region. MM of the head and neck occurs in 8\u201310% of all head and neck melanomas. It most commonly affects the mucosa of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (75%), followed by the oral cavity mucosa (25%). A family history and the presence of mucosal nevi are associated with the occurrence of MM. Inhaled and dietary carcinogens are also linked to the development of sinonasal melanoma, much like other malignancies of the nasal cavity. Overexpression of the C-KIT gene is found in more than 80% of all primary mucosal melanomas, with somatic mutations in 10\u201330% of cases. The presence of these genetic alterations is also reflected in recent clinical studies of specific gene inhibitors that have proven efficiency in the systemic therapy of melanoma. There are various treatment modalities for MM. Surgical therapy involves en bloc surgical resection with a macroscopically visible and palpable mucosal margin of 1.5\u20132 cm. Partial resection of the maxilla may be considered if it ensures adequate tumor-free margine. Because of its rarity, outcome data for locally advanced head and neck MM is limited and primarily derived from retrospective studies with small case numbers. This review aims to update and summarize findings from clinical trials, prospective observational studies, and retrospective studies, while also exploring future directions for multimodal treatment approaches in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15040496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T12:16:37Z","timestamp":1739880997000},"page":"496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Primary Sinonasal Mucosal Melanoma: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nikola","family":"Todorovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 2 Pasterova Street, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9783-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petar","family":"Djurkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 2 Pasterova Street, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0850-4444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Krstic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 2 Pasterova Street, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Tomanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, 1 Dr. Subotica Street, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6430-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavle","family":"Milanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djurdjina","family":"Kablar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Pathology, Pathohistology and Medical Cytology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, 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Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0718-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Arnaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Ljubisavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-2477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragica","family":"Selakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gvozden","family":"Rosic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1039-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Vasiljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"739","article-title":"Primary mucosal melanomas: A comprehensive review","volume":"5","author":"Mihajlovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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