{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:05:10Z","timestamp":1792803910060,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Naples Federico II","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05290cv24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Federico II","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jr6tp70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute heart failure (AHF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the rapid or gradual onset of symptoms and\/or signs of heart failure (HF), leading to an unplanned hospital admission or an emergency department visit. AHF is the leading cause of hospitalization in patients over 65 years, thus significantly impacting public health care. However, its prognosis remains poor with high rates of mortality and rehospitalization. Many pre-existing cardiac conditions can lead to AHF, but it can also arise de novo due to acute events. Therefore, understanding AHF etiology could improve patient management and outcomes. Cardiomyopathies (CMPs) are a heterogeneous group of heart muscle diseases, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), non-dilated cardiomyopathy (NDLVC), and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), that frequently present with HF. Patients with CMPs are under-represented in AHF studies compared to other etiologies, and therefore therapeutic responses and prognoses remain unknown. In DCM, AHF represents the most frequent cause of death despite treatment improvements. Additionally, DCM is the first indication for heart transplant (HT) among young and middle-aged adults. In HCM, the progression to AHF is rare and more frequent in patients with concomitant severe left ventricle (LV) obstruction and hypertrophy or severe LV systolic dysfunction. HF is the natural evolution of patients with RCM and HF is associated with poor outcomes irrespective of RCM etiology. Furthermore, while the occurrence of AHF is rare among patients with ARVC, this condition in NDLVC patients is currently unknown. In this manuscript, we assessed the available evidence on AHF in patients with CMPs. Data on clinical presentation, therapeutic management, and clinical outcomes according to specific CMPs are limited. Future HF studies assessing the clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis of specific CMPs are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15050540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T10:52:47Z","timestamp":1740394367000},"page":"540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Acute Heart Failure and Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathies: A Comprehensive Review and Critical Appraisal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Manzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Buongiorno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5062-823X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Narciso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Florimonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imma","family":"Forzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9208-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico Simone","family":"Castiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Sperandeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-517X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Paolillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9951-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, AORN Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Cristiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8443-7888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Avvedimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Enrico","family":"Canonico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Bardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1467-1687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Giugliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-6742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Gargiulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14857","article-title":"2024 Update in Heart Failure","volume":"12","author":"Beghini","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.890","article-title":"Clinical Phenotypes and Outcome of Patients Hospitalized for Acute Heart Failure: The ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry","volume":"19","author":"Chioncel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2004.08.160","article-title":"Demographics, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized for Decompensated Heart Failure: Observations from the IMPACT-HF Registry","volume":"11","author":"Stough","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1492","article-title":"Acute Heart Failure Congestion and Perfusion Status\u2014Impact of the Clinical Classification on in-Hospital and Long-Term Outcomes; Insights from the ESC-EORP-HFA Heart Failure Long-Term Registry","volume":"21","author":"Chioncel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C276","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suad027","article-title":"Acute Heart Failure: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"25","author":"Marini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.478","article-title":"Contemporary Management of Acute Right Ventricular Failure: A Statement from the Heart Failure Association and the Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"18","author":"Harjola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1922","article-title":"Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Contemporary Management of Cardiogenic Shock\u2014A Position Statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"22","author":"Chioncel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz363","article-title":"Management of Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Myocardial Infarction: An Update 2019","volume":"40","author":"Thiele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzi, L., Sperandeo, L., Forzano, I., Castiello, D.S., Florimonte, D., Paolillo, R., Santoro, C., Mancusi, C., Di Serafino, L., and Esposito, G. (2024). Contemporary Evidence and Practice on Right Heart Catheterization in Patients with Acute or Chronic Heart Failure. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020136"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R291","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10584","article-title":"Baseline Characteristics and Hospital Mortality in the Acute Heart Failure Database (AHEAD) Main Registry","volume":"15","author":"Spinar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-017-0351-y","article-title":"Acute Heart Failure: Definition, Classification and Epidemiology","volume":"14","author":"Kurmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl193","article-title":"EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): A Survey on Hospitalized Acute Heart Failure Patients: Description of Population","volume":"27","author":"Nieminen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.7472","article-title":"National Trends in Heart Failure Hospitalizations and Readmissions From 2010 to 2017","volume":"6","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"21","article-title":"The Acute Decompensated Failure National Registry(ADHERETM): Opportunities Improve Care of Patients With Acute Heart Failure","volume":"4","author":"Fonarow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.04.028","article-title":"Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure: Insights from the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF)","volume":"52","author":"Abraham","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2113-0","article-title":"Clinical Presentation, Management and Outcomes in the Acute Heart Failure Global Survey of Standard Treatment (ALARM-HF)","volume":"37","author":"Follath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2892","article-title":"Patient Profiles in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Prevalence, Characteristics, Treatments and Outcomes in a Real-World Heart Failure Population","volume":"25","author":"Musella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2796","article-title":"Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support in Patients with Non-Ischaemic Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"25","author":"Schrage","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2587","article-title":"Acetazolamide in Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume Overload Trial (ADVOR): Baseline Characteristics","volume":"24","author":"Mullens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac689","article-title":"Combining Loop with Thiazide Diuretics for Decompensated Heart Failure: The CLOROTIC Trial","volume":"44","author":"Casado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211680","article-title":"Trial of an Intervention to Improve Acute Heart Failure Outcomes","volume":"388","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01659-1","article-title":"The SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Heart Failure: A Multinational Randomized Trial","volume":"28","author":"Voors","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32339-4","article-title":"Ferric Carboxymaltose for Iron Deficiency at Discharge after Acute Heart Failure: A Multicentre, Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Trial","volume":"396","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1954","article-title":"Effect of Aliskiren on Postdischarge Mortality and Heart Failure Readmissions among Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure: The ASTRONAUT Randomized Trial","volume":"309","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02076-1","article-title":"Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of up-Titration of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapies for Acute Heart Failure (STRONG-HF): A Multinational, Open-Label, Randomised, Trial","volume":"400","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812851","article-title":"Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure","volume":"380","author":"Velazquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.17.1883","article-title":"Levosimendan vs Dobutamine for Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: The SURVIVE Randomized Trial","volume":"297","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2010.08.002","article-title":"CHAMPION Trial Rationale and Design: The Long-Term Safety and Clinical Efficacy of a Wireless Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring System","volume":"17","author":"Adamson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601895","article-title":"Effect of Ularitide on Cardiovascular Mortality in Acute Heart Failure","volume":"376","author":"Packer","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2016.10.016","article-title":"Evaluating the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Serelaxin When Added to Standard Therapy in Asian Patients With Acute Heart Failure: Design and Rationale of RELAX-AHF-ASIA Trial","volume":"23","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030183","article-title":"Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Recent Worsening Heart Failure","volume":"384","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2012.12.004","article-title":"Effect of Levosimendan on the Short-Term Clinical Course of Patients with Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure","volume":"1","author":"Packer","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.18598","article-title":"Effect of a Strategy of Comprehensive Vasodilation vs Usual Care on Mortality and Heart Failure Rehospitalization Among Patients With Acute Heart Failure: The GALACTIC Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"322","author":"Kozhuharov","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915928","article-title":"Vericiguat in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"382","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3006","article-title":"Repetitive Levosimendan Infusions for Patients with Advanced Chronic Heart Failure in the Vulnerable Post-Discharge Period: The Multinational Randomized LeoDOR Trial","volume":"25","author":"Altenberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02532-z","article-title":"Natriuresis-Guided Diuretic Therapy in Acute Heart Failure: A Pragmatic Randomized Trial","volume":"29","author":"Beldhuis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4482","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae561","article-title":"In-Hospital Initiation of Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition in Acute Heart Failure: The PREMIER Trial","volume":"45","author":"Tanaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.073","article-title":"Ultrafiltration versus Intravenous Diuretics for Patients Hospitalized for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure","volume":"49","author":"Costanzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2013.11.004","article-title":"Continuous Ultrafiltration for Congestive Heart Failure: The CUORE Trial","volume":"20","author":"Marenzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062949","article-title":"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in the Therapy of Cardiogenic Shock: Results of the ECMO-CS Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"147","author":"Ostadal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005419","article-title":"Diuretic Strategies in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure","volume":"364","author":"Felker","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1210357","article-title":"Ultrafiltration in Decompensated Heart Failure with Cardiorenal Syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Bart","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.282190","article-title":"Low-Dose Dopamine or Low-Dose Nesiritide in Acute Heart Failure with Renal Dysfunction: The ROSE Acute Heart Failure Randomized Trial","volume":"310","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.08.005","article-title":"Aquapheresis Versus Intravenous Diuretics and Hospitalizations for Heart Failure","volume":"4","author":"Costanzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx196","article-title":"Biased Ligand of the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor in Patients with Acute Heart Failure: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase IIB, Dose Ranging Trial (BLAST-AHF)","volume":"38","author":"Pang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.5763","article-title":"Effect of a Self-Care Intervention on 90-Day Outcomes in Patients With Acute Heart Failure Discharged From the Emergency Department: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2350511","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.50511","article-title":"Short-Stay Units vs Routine Admission From the Emergency Department in Patients With Acute Heart Failure: The SSU-AHF Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1999","article-title":"Colchicine in Acute Heart Failure: Rationale and Design of a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial (COLICA)","volume":"26","author":"Villar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.02.009","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Patients With Acute Heart Failure","volume":"83","author":"Cox","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.065","article-title":"A Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of a Percutaneous Left Ventricular Assist Device versus Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping for Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock Caused by Myocardial Infarction","volume":"52","author":"Seyfarth","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181809846","article-title":"Levosimendan Is Superior to Enoximone in Refractory Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"36","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b78671","article-title":"Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsation in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: The Prospective, Randomized IABP SHOCK Trial for Attenuation of Multiorgan Dysfunction Syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Prondzinsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907118","article-title":"Comparison of Dopamine and Norepinephrine in the Treatment of Shock","volume":"362","author":"Biston","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208410","article-title":"Intraaortic Balloon Support for Myocardial Infarction with Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"367","author":"Thiele","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.022","article-title":"Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Versus Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"69","author":"Ouweneel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.04.051","article-title":"Epinephrine Versus Norepinephrine for Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"72","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2019.10.005","article-title":"Mechanical Circulatory Support with the Impella\u00ae LP5.0 Pump and an Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump for Cardiogenic Shock in Acute Myocardial Infarction: The IMPELLA-STIC Randomized Study","volume":"113","author":"Bochaton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307227","article-title":"Extracorporeal Life Support in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"389","author":"Thiele","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-23-00204","article-title":"Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation or Standard Care in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Multicentre, Randomised EURO SHOCK Trial","volume":"19","author":"Banning","year":"2023","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312572","article-title":"Microaxial Flow Pump or Standard Care in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"390","author":"Jensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051783","article-title":"Effect of Empagliflozin on the Clinical Stability of Patients With Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Reduced Trial","volume":"143","author":"Packer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02083-9","article-title":"Intravenous Ferric Derisomaltose in Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency in the UK (IRONMAN): An Investigator-Initiated, Prospective, Randomised, Open-Label, Blinded-Endpoint Trial","volume":"400","author":"Kalra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.23924","article-title":"Effect of Torsemide vs Furosemide After Discharge on All-Cause Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure: The TRANSFORM-HF Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"329","author":"Mentz","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac401","article-title":"Patiromer for the Management of Hyperkalemia in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: The DIAMOND Trial","volume":"43","author":"Butler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077","article-title":"Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure","volume":"371","author":"Mcmurray","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314328","article-title":"Transcatheter Valve Repair in Heart Failure with Moderate to Severe Mitral Regurgitation","volume":"391","author":"Anker","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2408739","article-title":"Transcatheter Repair versus Mitral-Valve Surgery for Secondary Mitral Regurgitation","volume":"391","author":"Baldus","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi115","article-title":"Randomized Trial to Determine the Effect of Nebivolol on Mortality and Cardiovascular Hospital Admission in Elderly Patients with Heart Failure (SENIORS)","volume":"26","author":"Flather","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1811089","article-title":"COMMANDER HF\u2014A Trial and an Answer","volume":"379","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805374","article-title":"Percutaneous Repair or Medical Treatment for Secondary Mitral Regurgitation","volume":"379","author":"Obadia","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1806640","article-title":"Transcatheter Mitral-Valve Repair in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"379","author":"Stone","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2300525","article-title":"Transcatheter Repair for Patients with Tricuspid Regurgitation","volume":"388","author":"Sorajja","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad194","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Cardiomyopathies","volume":"44","author":"Arbelo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.03.028","article-title":"Reply: The MOGE(S) Classification for a Phenotype-Genotype Nomenclature of Cardiomyopathy: More Questions than Answers?","volume":"63","author":"Arbustini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv727","article-title":"Proposal for a Revised Definition of Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Hypokinetic Non-Dilated Cardiomyopathy, and Its Implications for Clinical Practice: A Position Statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"37","author":"Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1461","article-title":"Heart Failure in Cardiomyopathies: A Position Paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"21","author":"Polovina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tymi\u0144ska, A., Oziera\u0144ski, K., Balsam, P., Maciejewski, C., Wancerz, A., Brociek, E., Marchel, M., Crespo-Leiro, M.G., Maggioni, A.P., and Dro\u017cd\u017c, J. (2022). Ischemic Cardiomyopathy versus Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction-Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis Depending on Heart Failure Etiology (Data from European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Registries). Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020341"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tat, E., Ball, C., Camren, G.P., Wroblewski, I., Dajani, K.A., Goldberg, A., Kinno, M., Sanagala, T., Syed, M.A., and Wilber, D.J. (2022). Impact of Late Gadolinium Enhancement Extent, Location, and Pattern on Ventricular Tachycardia and Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients with Ischemic vs. Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1026215"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2013.105","article-title":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy: The Complexity of a Diverse Genetic Architecture","volume":"10","author":"Hershberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.3.564","article-title":"Epidemiology of Idiopathic Dilated and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. A Population-Based Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975-1984","volume":"80","author":"Codd","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62023-7","article-title":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"375","author":"Jefferies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.590","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Evaluation of Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"67","author":"Japp","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110186","article-title":"Truncations of Titin Causing Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"366","author":"Herman","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1216","article-title":"Sex- and Age-Based Differences in the Natural History and Outcome of Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"20","author":"Halliday","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1363","article-title":"Association of Fibrosis with Mortality and Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"309","author":"Gulati","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.04.049","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure-Cardiogenic Shock: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Outcome","volume":"383","author":"Bottiroli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181ffe0eb","article-title":"Comparison of Norepinephrine-Dobutamine to Epinephrine for Hemodynamics, Lactate Metabolism, and Organ Function Variables in Cardiogenic Shock. A Prospective, Randomized Pilot Study","volume":"39","author":"Levy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2023.04.043","article-title":"An Individual Patient-Level Meta-Analysis of Ischemic Versus Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy and Trajectory of Decongestion in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure","volume":"200","author":"Akhtar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2023.07.153","article-title":"Cardiogenic Shock in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients: Red Flag for Myocardial Decline","volume":"206","author":"Cherbi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherbi, M., Roubille, F., Lamblin, N., Bonello, L., Leurent, G., Levy, B., Elbaz, M., Champion, S., Lim, P., and Schneider, F. (2023). One-Year Outcomes in Cardiogenic Shock Triggered by Ventricular Arrhythmia: An Analysis of the FRENSHOCK Multicenter Prospective Registry. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1092904"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15205","article-title":"Right Ventricular Free Wall Strain in Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure Patients with Ischemic and Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"38","author":"Miric","year":"2021","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.04.011","article-title":"\u201cTargeting the Heart\u201d in Heart Failure: Myocardial Recovery in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"3","author":"Wilcox","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.05.033","article-title":"Clinical and Demographic Predictors of Outcomes in Recent Onset Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Results of the IMAC (Intervention in Myocarditis and Acute Cardiomyopathy)-2 Study","volume":"58","author":"McNamara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32484-X","article-title":"Withdrawal of Pharmacological Treatment for Heart Failure in Patients with Recovered Dilated Cardiomyopathy (TRED-HF): An Open-Label, Pilot, Randomised Trial","volume":"393","author":"Halliday","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.10.001","article-title":"Factors Associated with Improvement in Ejection Fraction in Clinical Practice among Patients with Heart Failure: Findings from IMPROVE HF","volume":"163","author":"Wilcox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.07.072","article-title":"Novel Predictors of Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling in Individuals with Recent-Onset Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"61","author":"Kubanek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"E36","article-title":"Acute Clinical Presentation of Nonischemic Cardiomyopathies: Early Detection by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"24","author":"Todiere","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jez178","article-title":"Multimodality Imaging in the Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Management of Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathies: An Expert Consensus Document from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"20","author":"Donal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.09.017","article-title":"Late Gadolinium Enhancement and the Risk for Ventricular Arrhythmias or Sudden Death in Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Anguera","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeab117","article-title":"Ring-like Late Gadolinium Enhancement for Predicting Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Non-Ischaemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.03.034","article-title":"Distinct Fibrosis Pattern in Desmosomal and Phospholamban Mutation Carriers in Hereditary Cardiomyopathies","volume":"14","author":"Sepehrkhouy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-315942","article-title":"Arrhythmic Risk Stratification in Non-Ischaemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy beyond Ejection Fraction","volume":"106","author":"Boscutti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2021.07.011","article-title":"The Arrhythmic Phenotype in Cardiomyopathy","volume":"18","author":"Merlo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2514","article-title":"Combination of Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Genotype Improves Prediction of Prognosis in Non-Ischaemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"24","author":"Mirelis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.078","article-title":"Risk Factors for Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias in Lamin a\/c Mutation Carriers a European Cohort Study","volume":"59","author":"Arbustini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.08.804","article-title":"Prognostic Prediction of Genotype vs Phenotype in Genetic Cardiomyopathies","volume":"80","author":"Paldino","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2016.08.018","article-title":"The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Nineteenth Pediatric Heart Transplantation Report-2016; Focus Theme: Primary Diagnostic Indications for Transplant","volume":"35","author":"Rossano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2016.09.001","article-title":"The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-Third Adult Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Report-2016; Focus Theme: Primary Diagnostic Indications for Transplant","volume":"35","author":"Yusen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2016.08.017","article-title":"The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-Third Adult Heart Transplantation Report-2016; Focus Theme: Primary Diagnostic Indications for Transplant","volume":"35","author":"Lund","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falco, L., Valente, F., De Falco, A., Barbato, R., Marotta, L., Soviero, D., Cantiello, L.M., Contaldi, C., Brescia, B., and Coscioni, E. (2024). Beyond Medical Therapy-An Update on Heart Failure Devices. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11070187"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012175","article-title":"Long-Term Use of a Left Ventricular Assist Device for End-Stage Heart Failure","volume":"345","author":"Rose","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivx201","article-title":"Outcome of Heart Transplantation after Bridge-to-Transplant Strategy Using Various Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices","volume":"25","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v11.i1.38","article-title":"Contemporary Characteristics and Outcomes of Adults with Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy Listed for Heart Transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Khayata","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01241-2","article-title":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Causes, Mechanisms, and Current and Future Treatment Approaches","volume":"402","author":"Heymans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm342","article-title":"Classification of the Cardiomyopathies: A Position Statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"29","author":"Elliott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-009-9137-2","article-title":"The Many Faces of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: From Developmental Biology to Clinical Practice","volume":"2","author":"Olivotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644682","article-title":"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Is Predominantly a Disease of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction","volume":"114","author":"Maron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-024-00629-1","article-title":"Novel Strategies in Diagnosing Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Comprehensive Literature Review","volume":"31","author":"Mancusi","year":"2024","journal-title":"High. Blood Press. Cardiovasc. Prev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.967026","article-title":"Patterns of Disease Progression in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: An Individualized Approach to Clinical Staging","volume":"5","author":"Olivotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa075463","article-title":"Shared Genetic Causes of Cardiac Hypertrophy in Children and Adults","volume":"358","author":"Morita","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx819","article-title":"The Cardiomyopathy Registry of the EURObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology: Baseline Data and Contemporary Management of Adult Patients with Cardiomyopathies","volume":"39","author":"Charron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.09.011","article-title":"Clinical Spectrum and Management of Heart Failure in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"6","author":"Maron","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583500","article-title":"Prevalence, Clinical Profile, and Significance of Left Ventricular Remodeling in the End-Stage Phase of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"114","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021332","article-title":"Effect of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction on Clinical Outcome in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"348","author":"Maron","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq136","article-title":"Clinicopathological Profiles of Progressive Heart Failure in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"31","author":"Melacini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2008.00851.x","article-title":"Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient Provoked by Upright Position or Exercise in Treated Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy without Obstruction at Rest","volume":"26","author":"Dimitrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-0432","article-title":"Heart Failure Progression in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy\u2014Possible Insights From Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing","volume":"80","author":"Re","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.03.035","article-title":"The Histologic Basis of Late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"43","author":"Moon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galati, G., Leone, O., Pasquale, F., Olivotto, I., Biagini, E., Grigioni, F., Pilato, E., Lorenzini, M., Corti, B., and Fo\u00e0, A. (2016). Histological and Histometric Characterization of Myocardial Fibrosis in End-Stage Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Clinical-Pathological Study of 30 Explanted Hearts. Circ. Heart Fail., 9.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003090"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2017.09.011","article-title":"Outcomes of Restrictive and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies After LVAD: An INTERMACS Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2016.01.175","article-title":"Outcomes of Heart Transplantation in Adults with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM): UNOS Registry Analysis","volume":"35","author":"DePasquale","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.134684","article-title":"Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Children Is Caused by Mutations in Cardiac Sarcomere Protein Genes","volume":"94","author":"Kaski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac543","article-title":"Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Definition and Diagnosis","volume":"43","author":"Rapezzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-21-0706","article-title":"Outcomes of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Japanese Children\u2014A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"86","author":"Mori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.21.2490","article-title":"Clinical Profile and Outcome of Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","volume":"101","author":"Ammash","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.8.876","article-title":"Sudden Death and Cardiovascular Collapse in Children with Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","volume":"102","author":"Rivenes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.104638","article-title":"Outcomes of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Childhood and the Influence of Phenotype: A Report from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry","volume":"126","author":"Webber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.01.045","article-title":"Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Children and Young Adults","volume":"121","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805689","article-title":"Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy","volume":"379","author":"Maurer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2409134","article-title":"Vutrisiran in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloidosis with Cardiomyopathy","volume":"392","author":"Fontana","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex034","article-title":"Multimodality Imaging in Restrictive Cardiomyopathies: An EACVI Expert Consensus Document In Collaboration with the \u201cWorking Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases\u201d of the European Society of Cardiology Endorsed by The Indian Academy of Echocardiography","volume":"18","author":"Habib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310982","article-title":"Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy","volume":"121","author":"Muchtar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.03.012","article-title":"Role of Ventricular Assist Therapy for Patients with Heart Failure and Restrictive Physiology: Improving Outcomes for a Lethal Disease","volume":"34","author":"Grupper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2012.09.018","article-title":"Outcomes of Adults with Restrictive Cardiomyopathy after Heart Transplantation","volume":"31","author":"Depasquale","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.852517","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of Delayed-Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Survival of 857 Patients with and without Left Ventricular Dysfunction","volume":"120","author":"Cheong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.02.041","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characterization and Clinical Outcomes of Dilated and Arrhythmogenic Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathies","volume":"83","author":"Castrichini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.044","article-title":"Cardiac MR With Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Acute Myocarditis With Preserved Systolic Function: ITAMY Study","volume":"70","author":"Aquaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"326","article-title":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Arrhythmogenic Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: A Comprehensive Genotype-Imaging Phenotype Study","volume":"21","author":"Augusto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3470","article-title":"Aetiology and Clinical Manifestations of Patients with Non-Dilated Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy","volume":"26","author":"Monda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leo, I., Dellegrottaglie, S., Scatteia, A., Torella, D., Abete, R., Aquaro, G.D., Baggiano, A., Barison, A., Bogaert, J., and Calo\u2019, L. (2025). CarDiac MagnEtic Resonance for Prophylactic Implantable-CardioVerter DefibrillAtor ThErapy in Non-Dilated Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: A Sub-Study from the DERIVATE Registry. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaf043"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.06.005","article-title":"Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: The Padua Criteria","volume":"319","author":"Corrado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu509","article-title":"Impact of Genotype on Clinical Course in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia\/Cardiomyopathy-Associated Mutation Carriers","volume":"36","author":"Bhonsale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi341","article-title":"Clinical Profile of Four Families with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Caused by Dominant Desmoplakin Mutations","volume":"26","author":"Bauce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq025","article-title":"Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy\/Dysplasia: Proposed Modification of the Task Force Criteria","volume":"31","author":"Marcus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.05.007","article-title":"2019 HRS Expert Consensus Statement on Evaluation, Risk Stratification, and Management of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"16","author":"Towbin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.10.076","article-title":"Heart Transplantation in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy\u2014Experience from the Nordic ARVC Registry","volume":"250","author":"Gilljam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/5\/540\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:40:57Z","timestamp":1760028057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/5\/540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15050540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15050540","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]}}}