{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:28:07Z","timestamp":1793132887593,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities, as part of venous thromboembolism disorder, is the third leading cause of acute cardiovascular syndrome after heart attack and stroke. It can result in disability due to pulmonary embolism (PE) and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), particularly in cases where the thrombosis extends to the iliofemoral veins. Anticoagulation therapy is effective in preventing thrombus propagation and embolism but may not be sufficient for thrombus degradation and venous patency restoration. Up to 50% of patients with iliofemoral DVT develop PTS, mainly due to venous outflow obstruction or valvular incompetence. To date, the advent of new devices that enables rapid thrombus elimination and the restoration of deep venous patency, known as the \u201cOPEN VEIN hypothesis\u201d, may prevent valvular damage and reflux, cutting down the rate of PTS. Similarly, chronic venous disease could be related to a stenosis or occlusion of a major vein that can restrict blood flow. In this setting, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is an essential tool for correct diagnostic and therapeutic planning in acute and chronic vein disease. Only angiography in vein disease can limit the procedure\u2019s efficacy, with a high rate of stenosis misdiagnosed; IVUS provides further imaging that complements traditional angiographic study, and its role is now established by different international guidelines. If compared to angiography, IVUS allows for the evaluation of major axial veins in a 360-degree ultrasound image of the lumen and of the vessel wall structure. At the same time, the precise location and size of the major lower extremity veins allow for the placement of the stent to be more straightforward with a precise dimension of the vein in all of its diameters; moreover, other abnormalities should be visualized as acute or chronic thrombus, fibrosis, or trabeculations. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of IVUS findings in acute and chronic lower extremity DVT, emphasizing its diagnostic and therapeutic implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15050577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T05:13:58Z","timestamp":1740633238000},"page":"577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Intravascular Ultrasound Findings in Acute and Chronic Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Extremities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2593-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Corvino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology Department, AORN \u201cA. Cardarelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital \u201cPaolo Giaccone\u201d, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Giurazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology Department, AORN \u201cA. Cardarelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3913-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Galia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital \u201cPaolo Giaccone\u201d, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6608-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Corvino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical, Movement and Wellbeing Sciences Department, University of Naples \u201cParthenope\u201d, 80133 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Minici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, University Hospital Dulbecco, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit 1, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital \u201cPoliclinico-San Marco\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4160-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Ierardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Foundation IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4935-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Niola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology Department, AORN \u201cA. 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