{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:58:14Z","timestamp":1776787094335,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety","award":["OKA 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OKA 2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meticulous clinical examination is essential for spinal disorders to utilize the diagnostic methods and technologies that strongly support physicians and enhance clinical practice. A significant change in the approach to diagnosing spinal disorders has occurred in the last three decades, which has enhanced a more nuanced understanding of spine pathology. Traditional radiographic methods such as conventional and functional X-rays and CT scans are still the first line in the diagnosis of spinal disorders due to their low cost and accessibility. As more advanced imaging technologies become increasingly available worldwide, there is a constantly increasing trend in MRI scans for detecting spinal pathologies and making treatment decisions. Not only do MRI scans have superior diagnostic capabilities, but they also assist surgeons in performing meticulous preoperative planning, making them currently the most widely used diagnostic tool for spinal disorders. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) can help detect inflammatory lesions, infections, and tumors. Other advanced diagnostic tools such as CT\/MRI fusion image, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Upright and Kinetic MRI, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) could play an important role when it comes to detecting more special pathologies. However, some technical difficulties in the daily praxis and their high costs act as obstacles to their further spread. Integrating artificial intelligence and advancements in data analytics and virtual reality promises to enhance spinal procedures\u2019 precision, safety, and efficacy. As these technologies continue to develop, they will play a critical role in transforming spinal surgery. This paradigm shift emphasizes the importance of continuous innovation and adaptability in improving the diagnosis and treatment of spinal disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15050594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T10:12:33Z","timestamp":1740737553000},"page":"594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Review Article: Diagnostic Paradigm Shift in Spine Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aras Efe","family":"Levent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama Rosai Hospital, 1-10-25 Chikkomidorimachi, Minami Ward Okayama, Okayama 702-8055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masato","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama Rosai Hospital, 1-10-25 Chikkomidorimachi, Minami Ward Okayama, Okayama 702-8055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7296-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chetan","family":"Kumawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama Rosai Hospital, 1-10-25 Chikkomidorimachi, Minami Ward Okayama, Okayama 702-8055, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi 110060, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama Rosai Hospital, 1-10-25 Chikkomidorimachi, Minami Ward Okayama, Okayama 702-8055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salamalikis","family":"Nikolaos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama Rosai Hospital, 1-10-25 Chikkomidorimachi, Minami Ward Okayama, Okayama 702-8055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4230-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kajetan","family":"Latka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama Rosai Hospital, 1-10-25 Chikkomidorimachi, Minami Ward Okayama, Okayama 702-8055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiyoshi","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama Rosai Hospital, 1-10-25 Chikkomidorimachi, Minami Ward Okayama, Okayama 702-8055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Komatsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama Rosai Hospital, 1-10-25 Chikkomidorimachi, Minami Ward Okayama, Okayama 702-8055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Arataki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama Rosai Hospital, 1-10-25 Chikkomidorimachi, Minami Ward Okayama, Okayama 702-8055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4608-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 7000-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 7000-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5594-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koji","family":"Uotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 7000-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2004.16.1.3","article-title":"History of spine surgery in the ancient and medieval worlds","volume":"16","author":"Goodrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurg. 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