{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:16:19Z","timestamp":1790007379893,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is an immune-mediated skin disorder, with increasing evidence suggesting its association with autoimmune thyroid diseases. The presence of antithyroid antibodies (anti-TPO and anti-TG) and autoimmune thyroid disease indicates shared immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of both conditions. This study examines the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid changes in patients with CSU. Methods: The study was conducted as a combined retrospective-prospective observational analysis. It included 43 patients with CSU and 50 healthy participants in the control group. Thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3, T4), anti-TPO and anti-TG antibodies, as well as ultrasound characteristics of the thyroid gland, were analyzed. Results: In patients with CSU, a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism (27.9% vs. 4% in the control group), hypertension, asthma, and diabetes were observed. Elevated levels of anti-TPO antibodies were found in 51.2% of CSU patients, compared to only 6% in the control group (p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, anti-TG antibodies were increased in 41.9% of CSU patients, compared to 4% in the control group. Additionally, ultrasound analysis revealed significant differences in thyroid morphology, with a heterogeneous structure observed in 72.1% of CSU patients, compared to only 14% in the control group (p &lt; 0.001). Nodular changes were present in 34.88% of CSU patients, whereas the prevalence in the control group was only 6% (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Our results confirm a significant association between CSU and autoimmune thyroid diseases, including a high prevalence of anti-TPO and anti-TG antibodies, hypothyroidism, diffuse heterogeneity, and nodular changes. Additionally, elevated T3 hormone levels were common among CSU patients, while T4 levels did not differ significantly from those in the control group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15050608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T09:04:49Z","timestamp":1740992689000},"page":"608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: The Role of Hormones, Anti-Thyroid Antibodies, and Ultrasound"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4603-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoran","family":"Golu\u0161in","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Dermatovenerology, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8592-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nemanja","family":"Maletin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5564-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Denda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Ni\u0161avi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Dermatovenerology, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojan","family":"Radovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Department for Pathoanatomical Diagnostics, Department for Molecular Pathology, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivera","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Radiology, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15090","article-title":"The international EAACI\/GA2LEN\/EuroGuiDerm\/APAAACI guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria","volume":"77","author":"Zuberbier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, H., Hu, Y., and He, L. 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