{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:15:32Z","timestamp":1764080132478,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute","award":["UM1TR004402","UL1TR002529","W81XWH-18-1-0433","W81XWH-18-1-0434","R01 NS102415","R01 NS112303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1TR004402","UL1TR002529","W81XWH-18-1-0433","W81XWH-18-1-0434","R01 NS102415","R01 NS112303"]}]},{"name":"FAW KMN YCW","award":["UM1TR004402","UL1TR002529","W81XWH-18-1-0433","W81XWH-18-1-0434","R01 NS102415","R01 NS112303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1TR004402","UL1TR002529","W81XWH-18-1-0433","W81XWH-18-1-0434","R01 NS102415","R01 NS112303"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command","award":["UM1TR004402","UL1TR002529","W81XWH-18-1-0433","W81XWH-18-1-0434","R01 NS102415","R01 NS112303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1TR004402","UL1TR002529","W81XWH-18-1-0433","W81XWH-18-1-0434","R01 NS102415","R01 NS112303"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["UM1TR004402","UL1TR002529","W81XWH-18-1-0433","W81XWH-18-1-0434","R01 NS102415","R01 NS112303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1TR004402","UL1TR002529","W81XWH-18-1-0433","W81XWH-18-1-0434","R01 NS102415","R01 NS112303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to detect brain microstructural changes in participants with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) who experienced post-traumatic headaches, a common issue that affects quality of life and rehabilitation. Despite its prevalence, the mechanisms behind post-traumatic headache are not well understood. Methods: Participants were recruited from Level 1 trauma centers, and MRI scans, including T1-weighted anatomical imaging and DTI, were acquired 1 month post-injury. Advanced imaging techniques corrected artifacts and extracted diffusion tensor measures reflecting white-matter integrity. Pain sensitivity assays were collected at 1 and 6 months post-injury, including quantitative sensory testing and psychological assessments. Results: Significant aberrations in axial diffusivity in the forceps major were observed in mTBI participants (n = 12) compared to healthy controls (n = 10) 1 month post-injury (p = 0.02). Within the mTBI group, DTI metrics at 1 month were significantly associated with pain-related and psychological outcomes at 6 months. Statistical models revealed group differences in the right sagittal stratum (p &lt; 0.01), left insula (p &lt; 0.04), and left superior longitudinal fasciculus (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: This study shows that DTI metrics at 1 month post-injury are sensitive to mTBI and predictive of chronic pain and psychological outcomes at 6 months.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15050642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T06:02:13Z","timestamp":1741240933000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pain-Related White-Matter Changes Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Diffusion Tensor Imaging Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2670-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho-Ching","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9134-9915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8408-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fletcher A.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5051-5625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Naugle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1084-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chien","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.6.711","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review","volume":"300","author":"Nampiaparampil","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413499645","article-title":"A prospective study of prevalence and characterization of headache following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12338","article-title":"Clinical perspectives on headache after traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Hoffman","year":"2020","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415587704","article-title":"International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition beta-based field testing of vestibular migraine in China: Demographic, clinical characteristics, audiometric findings and diagnosis statues","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"509","article-title":"Management of chronic posttraumatic headache: A multidisciplinary approach","volume":"109","author":"Channell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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