{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:00:32Z","timestamp":1760058032900,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretaria de Salud","award":["IRE-2152-17-23-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRE-2152-17-23-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune disease with rarely reported central nervous system involvement, such as encephalopathy. However, no objective characterization of dermatomyositis patients with neurocognitive decline has been previously addressed. Methods: Herein, we describe the immunophenotype, clinical, and neuroimaging features of three DM patients with encephalopathy. Results: The neurocognitive profile of the three patients was characterized by abnormalities in attention, working memory, and language. PET\/CT demonstrated temporal and occipital cortical hypometabolism with hypermetabolism in the mesial temporal region, cerebellar, and basal nuclei. The peripheral immunophenotype of DM patients with encephalopathy demonstrated enhanced expression of PD-1+ in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in comparison with DM patients without encephalopathy. In comparison to healthy controls, DM patients with encephalopathy had increased na\u00efve CD4+, CD57+, and CD4+ T cells, effector memory (TEM), and CD73+ and CD8+ T cells. Additionally, the normalization of cerebral metabolism and clinical behavior after immunosuppressive treatment was evidenced. Conclusions: The PET\/CT profile and peripheral immunophenotype (PD-1+, TEM, CD57+, and CD73+) could help to recognize DM patients who are prone to developing encephalopathy symptoms in order to avoid sequelae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15060700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T07:31:42Z","timestamp":1741764702000},"page":"700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dermatomyositis-Related Encephalopathy: Clinical, Neuroimaging and Immunological Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Alberto","family":"Carrillo-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Antonio","family":"Davizon-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2486-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiram","family":"Torres-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"P\u00e9rez-Fragoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Alcal\u00e1-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Barrera-God\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0633-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Ju\u00e1rez-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Coordinaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidia Antonia","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1807-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Red de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Coordinaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00321-x","article-title":"Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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