{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:44:50Z","timestamp":1791582290924,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health","award":["TL1TR001415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1TR001415"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: A sizeable population of patients with normal pure-tone audiograms endorse a consistent difficulty of following conversations in noisy environments. Termed hidden hearing loss (HHL), this condition evades traditional diagnostic methods for hearing loss and thus is significantly under-diagnosed and untreated. This review sought to identify emerging methods of diagnosing HHL via measurement of its histopathologic correlate: cochlear synaptopathy, the loss of synapses in the auditory nerve pathway. Methods: A thorough literature search of multiple databases was conducted to identify studies with objective, electrophysiological measures of synaptopathy. The PRISMA protocol was employed to establish criteria for the selection of relevant literature. Results: A total of 21 studies were selected with diagnostic methods, including the auditory brainstem response (ABR), electrocochleography (EcochG), middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR), and frequency-following response (FFR). Measures that may indicate the presence of synaptopathy include a reduced wave I amplitude of ABR, reduced SP amplitude of EcochG, and abnormal MEMR, among other measurements. Behavioral measures were often performed alongside electrophysiological measures, the most common of which was the speech-in-noise assessment. Conclusions: ABR was the most common diagnostic method for assessing HHL. Though ABR, EcochG, and MEMR may be sensitive to measuring synaptopathy, more literature comparing these methods is necessary. A two-pronged approach combining behavioral and electrophysiological measures may prove useful as a criterion for diagnosing and estimating the extent of pathology in affected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15060742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T08:57:02Z","timestamp":1742201822000},"page":"742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Systematic Review: State of the Science on Diagnostics of Hidden Hearing Loss"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sunil","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4837-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khushi","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalda","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helia","family":"Rahimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid R.","family":"Djalilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Abouzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.506","article-title":"Hearing loss prevalence in the United States","volume":"171","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. 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