{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:04:06Z","timestamp":1760058246717,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness to Gavin Herbert Eye Institute at University of California, Irvine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rare manifestation of hematologic malignancies, characterized by a neoplastic infiltration of the peripheral nervous system and cranial nerves (CNs). Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) account for 90% of NL cases, while acute leukemia represents 10% of the cases. NL can occur as the first manifestation of a malignancy (primary), or as a relapse or progression of a previously treated disease (secondary). Herein, we report a unique case of NL involving the left orbit and CNs in a 74-year-old female with primary central nervous system (CNS) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Our patient developed secondary neurolymphomatosis involving the left orbit and CNs II, III, V, and VI, supported by clinical, radiologic, and histologic findings. The lacrimal gland enhancement was histopathologically proven to be caused by the direct spread of CNS DLBCL to the lacrimal nerve, a branch of CN V, identifying NL as one of the conditions that can affect this organ. The lacrimal gland could be considered as a more accessible biopsy site when the involvement of CN V is suspected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15060780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T09:17:39Z","timestamp":1742462259000},"page":"780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Orbital Neurolymphomatosis in Patient with CNS Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8352-514X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara","family":"Shooshani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6742-4276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremiah P.","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Spiegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Del Valle","family":"Estopinal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Ophthalmic Pathology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avila, J.D., and Vivar, C. (2017). Neurolymphomatosis: A review of 82 cases. Neuromuscular and Clinical Neurophysiology (EMG): Peripheral Neuropathy II, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.88.16_supplement.P5.141"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-12-258210","article-title":"Neurolymphomatosis: An International Primary CNS Lymphoma Collaborative Group Report","volume":"115","author":"Grisariu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2018.02.023","article-title":"Ocular involvement in neurolymphomatosis","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-021-00409-3","article-title":"Primary disease sites and patterns of spread of neurolymphomatosis in the orbit associated with lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Fritzhand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2014.11.004","article-title":"Optic nerve lymphoma: Report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003666","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of, diagnostic approach to, and treatment of neurolymphomatosis in the rituximab era","volume":"5","author":"Khurana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nop021","article-title":"Neurolymphomatosis: Diagnosis, management, and outcomes in patients treated with rituximab","volume":"12","author":"Gan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/6\/780\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:56:56Z","timestamp":1760029016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/6\/780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15060780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15060780","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]}}}