{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:36:29Z","timestamp":1792290989335,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes, including familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Lynch syndrome (LS), and Peutz\u2013Jeghers syndrome (PJS), are associated with an increased risk of small bowel cancer (SBC). Due to the low incidence and non-specific presentation of SBC, effective surveillance strategies are essential for early detection and management. This review aims to evaluate and compare current endoscopic techniques for small bowel surveillance in these patients. Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted using peer-reviewed studies sourced from PubMed. Various endoscopic modalities, including capsule endoscopy (CE), device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE), and intraoperative enteroscopy (IOE), were assessed for their diagnostic yield, safety, and clinical utility. Surveillance recommendations of the different syndromes were also examined. Results: CE offers high sensitivity but lacks histological sampling capability. DAE, including double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE), enables direct visualization, biopsy, and therapeutic interventions, albeit with greater procedural complexity. In FAP, duodenal surveillance follows the Spigelman classification to stratify cancer risk, while jejunal and ileal polyps remain less studied. LS patients have an increased SBC risk, warranting tailored endoscopic approaches. In PJS, surveillance aims to mitigate intussusception risks and allow early malignancy detection. Conclusions: Optimized surveillance strategies in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes require a multimodal approach, integrating advanced endoscopic techniques with genetic risk stratification. Centralized care in tertiary centers improves outcomes by ensuring standardized surveillance protocols and enhancing early cancer detection. Artificial intelligence (AI) applied to CE and DAE is shaping promising prospects for the future surveillance of small bowel polyps by enhancing diagnostic accuracy and reducing the duration of the diagnostic process. Further research should investigate AI-assisted imaging and molecular biomarkers to optimize screening strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15070819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T10:53:54Z","timestamp":1742900034000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes: Small Bowel Cancer Risk and Endoscopic Surveillance Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Borsotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca Laura","family":"Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorectal Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4244-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felice","family":"Benedicenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Magarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7058-5011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Cant\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-5315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Vitellaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6780-1783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Rausa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7745-7573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Cavalcoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20006","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2009","volume":"59","author":"Jemal","year":"2009","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-019-01636-z","article-title":"Trends in incidence of small bowel cancer according to histology: A population-based study","volume":"55","author":"Bouvier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00854.x","article-title":"Incidence and management of primary malignant small bowel cancers: A well-defined french population study","volume":"101","author":"Lepage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2023.101860","article-title":"Updates in the diagnosis and management of small-bowel tumors","volume":"64\u201365","author":"Vlachou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2013.04.013","article-title":"Small bowel adenocarcinoma: Epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"46","author":"Aparicio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v3.i3.33","article-title":"Epidemiology of cancer of the small intestine","volume":"3","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.06.003","article-title":"Management of small bowel polyps: A literature review","volume":"31","author":"Kilaru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.04.443","article-title":"Enteroscopic and radiologic diagnoses, treatment, and prognoses of small-bowel tumors","volume":"76","author":"Honda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1586","article-title":"Clinical Features and Management of Small Bowel Masses Detected During Device-Assisted Enteroscopy: A Multi-Center Experience","volume":"15","author":"Noujaim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/00855920310002654","article-title":"Clinical application of video capsule endoscopy","volume":"38","author":"Stolk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.12.024","article-title":"Retention associated with video capsule endoscopy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Rezapour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E463","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-106186","article-title":"Small bowel malignancy in patients undergoing capsule endoscopy at a tertiary care academic center: Case series and review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Johnston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5985.20.02745-2","article-title":"Small bowel capsule endoscopy: Where do we stand after 20 years of clinical use?","volume":"67","author":"Pennazio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1391855","article-title":"Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline","volume":"47","author":"Pennazio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1973-3796","article-title":"Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline\u2013Update 2022","volume":"55","author":"Pennazio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0576-0566","article-title":"Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical Review","volume":"50","author":"Rondonotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5245","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5245","article-title":"Capsule endoscopy in neoplastic diseases","volume":"14","author":"Pennazio","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-826041","article-title":"Comparison of capsule endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of polyps of the small intestine in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis or with peutz-jeghers\u2019 syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Caspari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(05)00289-0","article-title":"A prospective trial comparing wireless capsule endoscopy and barium contrast series for small-bowel surveillance in hereditary GI polyposis syndromes","volume":"61","author":"Mata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-925028","article-title":"Video capsule endoscopy in peutz-jeghers syndrome: A blinded comparison with barium follow-through for detection of small-bowel polyps","volume":"38","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.08.018","article-title":"Management of small-bowel polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome by using enteroclysis, double-balloon enteroscopy, and videocapsule endoscopy","volume":"72","author":"Ohmiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2363041868","article-title":"Capsule imaging and the role of radiology in the investigation of diseases of the small bowel","volume":"236","author":"Maglinte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.04.015","article-title":"Device-assisted enteroscopy: An update on techniques, clinical indications and safety","volume":"51","author":"Pennazio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2023.101858","article-title":"The evolving role of device-assisted enteroscopy: The state of the art as of August 2023","volume":"64\u201365","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadkhodayan, K.S., and Irani, S. (2025). Clinical Applications of Device-Assisted Enteroscopy: A Comprehensive Review. Gastrointest. Endosc., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.01.022"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl19345","article-title":"Technical and Clinical Aspects of Diagnostic Single-Balloon Enteroscopy in the First Decade of Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.01.012","article-title":"The clinical utility of single-balloon enteroscopy: A single-center experience of 172 procedures","volume":"71","author":"Upchurch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.06.015","article-title":"Balloon enteroscopy versus spiral enteroscopy for small-bowel disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Baniya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2023.2212311","article-title":"Motorized spiral enteroscopy\u2014A prospective analysis of 82 procedures at a single tertiary center","volume":"58","author":"Falt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nehme, F., Goyal, H., Perisetti, A., Tharian, B., Sharma, N., Tham, T.C., and Chhabra, R. (2021). The Evolution of Device-Assisted Enteroscopy: From Sonde Enteroscopy to Motorized Spiral Enteroscopy. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.792668"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gou025","article-title":"Small bowel bleeding: A comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Gunjan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-006-9052-4","article-title":"Intraoperative enteroscopy: Ten years\u2019 experience at a single tertiary center","volume":"21","author":"Jon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popa, S.L., Stancu, B., Ismaiel, A., Turtoi, D.C., Brata, V.D., Duse, T.A., Bolchis, R., Padureanu, A.M., Dita, M.O., and Bashimov, A. (2023). Enteroscopy versus Video Capsule Endoscopy for Automatic Diagnosis of Small Bowel Disorders\u2014A Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Applications. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2023.10.0038"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00514","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000514","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Device-Assisted Enteroscopy: Automatic Detection of Enteric Protruding Lesions Using a Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"13","author":"Cardoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2022.02.025","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Gastroenterology and Hepatology","volume":"1","author":"Penrice","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastro Hep Adv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota, J., Almeida, M.J., Mendes, F., Martins, M., Ribeiro, T., Afonso, J., Cardoso, P., Cardoso, H., Andrade, P., and Ferreira, J. (2024). From Data to Insights: How Is AI Revolutionizing Small-Bowel Endoscopy?. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030291"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2022.101793","article-title":"Management of familial adenomatous polyposis and MUTYH-associated polyposis; new insights","volume":"58\u201359","author":"Aelvoet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-4-22","article-title":"Familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"4","author":"Half","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023286520725","article-title":"Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP): A review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Knudsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12417","article-title":"Early-onset colorectal cancer in young individuals","volume":"13","author":"Mauri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v7.i10.950","article-title":"Duodenal adenoma surveillance in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"7","author":"Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.053843","article-title":"Prevention and management of duodenal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"54","author":"Keller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2022.08.042","article-title":"Genotype\u2013phenotype correlation of small-intestinal polyps on small-bowel capsule endoscopy in familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"97","author":"Fukushi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.47.8.709","article-title":"Evidence for adenoma-carcinoma sequence in the duodenum of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. The Leeds Castle Polyposis Group (Upper Gastrointestinal Committee)","volume":"47","author":"Spigelman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319915","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of hereditary colorectal cancer from the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG)\/Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI)\/United Kingdom Cancer Genetics Group (UKCGG)","volume":"69","author":"Monahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0965-0605","article-title":"Endoscopic management of polyposis syndromes: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline","volume":"51","author":"Roos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"znae070","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znae070","article-title":"Updated European guidelines for clinical management of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP), gastric adenocarcinoma, proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS) and other rare adenomatous polyposis syndromes: A joint EHTG-ESCP revision","volume":"111","author":"Zaffaroni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90840-4","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"334","author":"Spigelman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.5.636","article-title":"Duodenal cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): Results of a 10 year prospective study","volume":"50","author":"Groves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000903","article-title":"Surveillance of Duodenal Polyposis in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: Should the Spigelman Score Be Modified?","volume":"60","author":"Sourrouille","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.07.033","article-title":"Spigelman stage IV duodenal polyposis does not precede most duodenal cancer cases in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"89","author":"Thiruvengadam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.05.065","article-title":"Endoscopic management of duodenal adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"93","author":"Roos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08406-0","article-title":"Prevalence and endoscopic treatment outcomes of upper gastrointestinal neoplasms in familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"36","author":"Noh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9653-8","article-title":"The role of chromoendoscopy in the surveillance of the duodenum of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"52","author":"Picasso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-826039","article-title":"Chromoendoscopy using indigo carmine dye spraying with magnifying observation is the most reliable method for differential diagnosis between non-neoplastic and neoplastic colorectal lesions: A prospective study","volume":"36","author":"Fu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E96","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1723-2847","article-title":"Endoscopic management of non-ampullary duodenal adenomas","volume":"10","author":"Coriat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.03.012","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of severe duodenal polyposis as an alternative to surgery for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"80","author":"Moussata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1442-2395","article-title":"Endoscopic management of superficial nonampullary duodenal tumors: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline","volume":"53","author":"Vanbiervliet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E354","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0998-3708","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of endoscopic resection for superficial non-ampullary duodenal tumors","volume":"8","author":"Kuroki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13524","article-title":"Feasibility study comparing underwater endoscopic mucosal resection and conventional endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumor < 20 mm","volume":"32","author":"Kiguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"154","article-title":"Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial nonampullary duodenal adenomas","volume":"50","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7490961","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7490961","article-title":"Endoscopic Mucosal Resection Performed Underwater for Nonampullary Duodenal Epithelial Tumor: Evaluation of Feasibility and Safety","volume":"2018","author":"Shibukawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E508","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1392214","article-title":"Cold snare piecemeal resection of colonic and duodenal polyps \u22651 cm","volume":"03","author":"Choksi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2019.03.06","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal neoplasia in familial adenomatous polyposis: Prevalence, endoscopic features and management","volume":"10","author":"Campos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-012-9546-2","article-title":"Advanced duodenal disease in familial adenomatous polyposis: How frequently should patients be followed up after successful therapy?","volume":"11","author":"Balmforth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2022.07.005","article-title":"Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection in the Stomach and Duodenum: Techniques, Indications, and Outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Ngamruengphong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4161\/jig.20131","article-title":"Endoscopic ampullectomy: A practical guide","volume":"2","author":"Bassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Interv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.11.021","article-title":"Giant laterally spreading tumors of the papilla: Endoscopic features, resection technique, and outcome (with videos)","volume":"71","author":"Hopper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2005.12.014","article-title":"Video capsule endoscopy compared with standard endoscopy for the evaluation of small-bowel polyps in persons with familial adenomatous polyposis (with video)","volume":"64","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh-22-87","article-title":"Clinical outcomes: Endoscopic resection of duodenal ampullary lesions","volume":"8","author":"Woo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-009-0538-8","article-title":"Endoscopic snare papillectomy with biliary and pancreatic stent placement for tumors of the major duodenal papilla","volume":"24","author":"Yamao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.08.013","article-title":"A prospective multicenter study of submucosal injection to improve endoscopic snare papillectomy for ampullary adenoma","volume":"85","author":"Hyun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13205","article-title":"Endoscopic wire-guided papillectomy versus conventional papillectomy for ampullary tumors: A prospective comparative pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70184-3","article-title":"Safety and outcome of endoscopic snare excision of the major duodenal papilla","volume":"56","author":"Norton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2029-2935","article-title":"Endoscopic papillectomy for ampullary lesions in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis compared with sporadic lesions: A propensity score-matched cohort","volume":"55","author":"Trung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.05.060","article-title":"Comparison of pancreas-sparing duodenectomy (PSD) and pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for the management of duodenal polyposis syndromes","volume":"166","author":"Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6308","article-title":"Pancreas-preserving total duodenectomy versus standard pancreatoduodenectomy for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and polyps in the duodenum","volume":"95","author":"Rutten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E531","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0577-2650","article-title":"Risk factors for advanced duodenal and ampullary adenomatosis in familial adenomatous polyposis: A prospective, single-center study","volume":"06","author":"Sulbaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214719","article-title":"Surveillance and treatment of duodenal adenomatosis in familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"41","author":"Kiviluoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2002.121882","article-title":"The influence of mutation site and age on the severity of duodenal polyposis in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"55","author":"Saurin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2023.2242240","article-title":"Familial intestinal polyposis and device assisted enteroscopy: Where do we stand?","volume":"17","author":"Losurdo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"272","article-title":"Familial adenomatous polyposis small bowel surveillance: Could indicators for video-capsule endoscopy be ascertained?","volume":"62","author":"Papagni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1071","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003740","article-title":"The Prevalence and Significance of Jejunal and Duodenal Bulb Polyposis After Duodenectomy in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"274","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-945116","article-title":"Feasibility of double-balloon enteroscopy-assisted chromoendoscopy of the small bowel in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"39","author":"Fry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40102.x","article-title":"Feasibility and diagnostic utility of video capsule endoscopy for the detection of small bowel polyps in patients with hereditary polyposis syndromes","volume":"100","author":"Schulmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.07.048","article-title":"Capsule endoscopy is useful and safe for small-bowel surveillance in familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"67","author":"Iaquinto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-013-9668-1","article-title":"The prevalence of small intestinal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: A prospective capsule endoscopy study","volume":"13","author":"Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2012.01.022","article-title":"Small bowel endoscopy in familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Koornstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-010-0982-x","article-title":"Capsule endoscopy in small-bowel surveillance of patients with hereditary polyposis syndromes","volume":"25","author":"Bojarski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2007.11.012","article-title":"Combination of endoprostheses and oral ursodeoxycholic acid or placebo in the treatment of difficult to extract common bile duct stones","volume":"40","author":"Katsinelos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1027984","article-title":"Small-bowel diagnosis in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: Comparison of push enteroscopy, capsule endoscopy, ileoscopy, and enteroclysis","volume":"47","author":"Plum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41506.x","article-title":"The utility of capsule endoscopy small bowel surveillance in patients with polyposis","volume":"100","author":"Burke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.04.008","article-title":"Jejunal cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"8","author":"Ruys","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-012-9571-1","article-title":"Prospective enteroscopic evaluation of jejunal polyposis in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and advanced duodenal polyposis","volume":"12","author":"Alderlieste","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-015-9844-6","article-title":"Surveillance using capsule endoscopy is safe in post-colectomy patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: A prospective Japanese study","volume":"15","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2012.10.004","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic yield of single balloon enteroscopy in patients with suspected small-bowel disease: Results of the Italian multicentre study","volume":"45","author":"Manno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.02.067","article-title":"Small-intestinal involvement in familial adenomatous polyposis: Evaluation by double-balloon endoscopy and intraoperative enteroscopy","volume":"68","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gov003","article-title":"A meta-analysis on efficacy and safety: Single-balloon vs. double-balloon enteroscopy","volume":"3","author":"Wadhwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.01.028","article-title":"American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of endoscopy in familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.17.1307","article-title":"Sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability and their possible origin in hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas","volume":"93","author":"Hawkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soboci\u0144ska, J., Kolenda, T., Teresiak, A., Badzi\u0105g-Le\u015bniak, N., Kopczy\u0144ska, M., Guglas, K., Przyby\u0142a, A., Filas, V., Bogajewska-Ry\u0142ko, E., and Lamperska, K. (2020). Diagnostics of mutations in MMR\/EPCAM genes and their role in the treatment and care of patients with lynch syndrome. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10100786"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960915)78:6<1149::AID-CNCR1>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). An updated review","volume":"78","author":"Lynch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh034","article-title":"Revised bethesda guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability","volume":"96","author":"Umar","year":"2004","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70510-X","article-title":"New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the International Collaborative group on HNPCC","volume":"116","author":"Vasen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11902","article-title":"European guidelines from the EHTG and ESCP for Lynch syndrome: An updated third edition of the Mallorca guidelines based on gene and gender","volume":"108","author":"Latchford","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJS"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.118299","article-title":"Is surveillance of the small bowel indicated for Lynch syndrome families?","volume":"56","author":"Kate","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255742","article-title":"Small-bowel capsule endoscopy diagnoses early and advanced neoplasms in asymptomatic patients with Lynch syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Saurin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307348","article-title":"Prevalence of small-bowel neoplasia in Lynch syndrome assessed by video capsule endoscopy","volume":"64","author":"Haanstra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284820934314","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820934314","article-title":"Effectiveness of a dedicated small bowel neoplasia screening program by capsule endoscopy in Lynch syndrome: 5 years results from a tertiary care center","volume":"13","author":"Perrod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.04.001","article-title":"Guidelines on genetic evaluation and management of lynch syndrome: A consensus statement by the us multi-society task force on colorectal cancer","volume":"147","author":"Giardiello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.07.028","article-title":"Surveillance of the small-bowel by capsule endoscopy in Lynch syndrome\u2014A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Valdivia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1016-4977","article-title":"Endoscopic management of Lynch syndrome and of familial risk of colorectal cancer: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline","volume":"51","author":"Roos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.18632\/oncoscience.525","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal cancers in Lynch syndrome: The time for surveillance is now","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncoscience"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.03.04","article-title":"Impact of enteroscopy on diagnosis and management of small bowel tumors","volume":"32","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Farha, N., Burke, C.A., and Katona, B.W. (2022). Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Surveillance in Lynch Syndrome. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14041000"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619874525","article-title":"Small bowel polyp resection using device-assisted enteroscopy in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: Results of a specialised tertiary care centre","volume":"8","author":"Perrod","year":"2020","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E622","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-111723","article-title":"Incidence of small bowel neoplasia in Lynch syndrome assessed by video capsule endoscopy","volume":"5","author":"Haanstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640616658220","article-title":"Endoscopic techniques to detect small-bowel neuroendocrine tumors: A literature review","volume":"5","author":"Rossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13053-020-0138-0","article-title":"The Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database reports enable evidence-based personal precision health care","volume":"18","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hered. Cancer Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"71","article-title":"Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Its natural course and management","volume":"136","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"1975","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Med. J."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000796","article-title":"How many is too many? Polyposis syndromes and what to do next","volume":"38","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000718","article-title":"Peutz-Jeghers syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Tacheci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002248","article-title":"Management of Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Position Paper From the ESPGHAN Polyposis Working Group","volume":"68","author":"Latchford","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-020-0826-1","article-title":"Disease expression in juvenile polyposis syndrome: A retrospective survey on a cohort of 221 European patients and comparison with a literature-derived cohort of 473 SMAD4\/BMPR1A pathogenic variant carriers","volume":"22","author":"Blatter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.06.004","article-title":"Magnified endoscopic imaging of a Peutz-Jeghers-type polyp in the jejunum","volume":"53","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"979","article-title":"Hereditary colorectal cancer associated with polyposis syndromes","volume":"53","author":"Soravia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Chir."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v15.i11.1891","article-title":"MUTYH-associated polyposis: Is it time to change upper gastrointestinal surveillance? A single-center case series and a literature overview","volume":"15","author":"Mosciatti","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/0300891618792461","article-title":"Update on small bowel surveillance in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes","volume":"105","author":"Stigliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tumori J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.01.026","article-title":"Clinical Spectrum and Science Behind the Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes","volume":"164","author":"Yehia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.725","article-title":"High cancer risk in peutz\u2013jeghers syndrome: A systematic review and surveillance recommendations","volume":"105","author":"Wagner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimkowski, S., Ibrahim, M., Rovira, J.J.I., Elshikh, M., Javadi, S., Klekers, A.R., Abusaif, A.A., Moawad, A.W., Ali, K., and Elsayes, K.M. (2021). Peutz\u2013Jeghers Syndrome and the Role of Imaging: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Associated Cancers. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13205121"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.02.021","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Cancer Risk in the Gastrointestinal Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes: Recommendations From the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer","volume":"162","author":"Boland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.04.001","article-title":"Nonsurgical management of small-bowel polyps in Peutz\u2013Jeghers syndrome with extensive polypectomy by using double-balloon endoscopy","volume":"74","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.473","article-title":"High cumulative risk of intussusception in patients with peutz\u2013jeghers syndrome: Time to update surveillance guidelines?","volume":"106","author":"Wagner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1159\/000529799","article-title":"Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome in Children and Adults","volume":"104","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, A., Aretz, S., Auranen, A., Bruno, M.J., Cavestro, G.M., Crosbie, E.J., Goverde, A., Jelsig, A.M., Latchford, A.R., and van Leerdam, M.E. (2021). The Management of Peutz\u2013Jeghers Syndrome: European Hereditary Tumour Group (EHTG) Guideline. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030473"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.435","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: Genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes","volume":"110","author":"Syngal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3174","article-title":"A prospective study of mr enterography versus capsule endoscopy for the surveillance of adult patients with peutz-jeghers syndrome","volume":"195","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-014-9700-0","article-title":"Capsule endoscopy versus magnetic resonance enterography for the detection of small bowel polyps in Peutz\u2013Jeghers syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Urquhart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0110-0","article-title":"Double balloon enteroscopy detects small bowel mass lesions missed by capsule endoscopy","volume":"53","author":"Ross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.04.007","article-title":"Clinically significant small-bowel pathology identified by double-balloon enteroscopy but missed by capsule endoscopy","volume":"64","author":"Chong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07477-w","article-title":"Feasibility and Safety of Endoscopic Ischemic Polypectomy and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Peutz\u2013Jeghers Syndrome (with Video)","volume":"68","author":"Kamiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"2631774520919369","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of an enteroscopy-based approach in reducing the polyp burden in patients with Peutz\u2013Jeghers syndrome: Experience from a tertiary referral center","volume":"13","author":"Valdivia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848231218561","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848231218561","article-title":"Advancements in endoscopic management of small-bowel polyps in Peutz\u2013Jeghers syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"17","author":"Funayama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, J., Fleishman, N.R., Staggs, V.S., Thomson, M., Stoecklein, N., Lawson, C.E., Washburn, M.P., Umar, S., and Attard, T.M. (2023). Small Intestinal Polyp Burden in Pediatric Peutz\u2013Jeghers Syndrome Assessed through Capsule Endoscopy: A Longitudinal Study. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101680"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03534-1","article-title":"Primary experience of small bowel polypectomy with balloon-assisted enteroscopy in young pediatric Peutz\u2013Jeghers syndrome patients","volume":"179","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12784","article-title":"The role of double-balloon enteroscopy in reducing the maximum size of polyps in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: 12-year experience","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E128","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2197-8554","article-title":"Device-assisted enteroscopy in the surveillance of intestinal hamartomas in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Elfeky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1583","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1954-0110","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of intussusception due to small intestine polyps in patients with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Oguro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.11.045","article-title":"Reduction of ileoileal intussusception by using double-balloon endoscopy in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (with video)","volume":"72","author":"Miura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E57","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1382-8060","article-title":"Ileoileal intussusception treated by polypectomy with spiral enteroscopy in Peutz\u2013Jeghers syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Lafeuille","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.02.008","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of biallelic mismatch repair deficiency (BMMR-D) syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Durno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2014-102284","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome: Suggestions of the European consortium \u2018Care for CMMRD\u2019 (C4CMMRD)","volume":"51","author":"Wimmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.01.013","article-title":"Paediatric intestinal cancer and polyposis due to bi-allelic PMS2 mutations: Case series, review and follow-up guidelines","volume":"47","author":"Herkert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00026-3","article-title":"Clinical and biological landscape of constitutional mismatch-repair deficiency syndrome: An International Replication Repair Deficiency Consortium cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Ercan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-024-00403-1","article-title":"Report of the sixth meeting of the European Consortium \u2018Care for CMMRD\u2019 (C4CMMRD), Paris, France, November 16th 2022","volume":"23","author":"Gallon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1037","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0591-9054","article-title":"Role of video capsule endoscopy in patients with constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome: Report from the International CMMRD Consortium","volume":"6","author":"Shimamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-1490","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of MUTYH-associated polyposis in patients with multiple adenomatous and serrated polyps","volume":"20","author":"Guarinos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/ng828","article-title":"Inherited variants of MYH associated with somatic G:C\u2192T:A mutations in colorectal tumors","volume":"30","author":"Chmiel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.229104","article-title":"Evidence for accelerated colorectal adenoma\u2013carcinoma progression in MUTYH-associated polyposis?","volume":"61","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.8780","article-title":"Prevalence and phenotypes of APC and MUTYH mutations in patients with multiple colorectal adenomas","volume":"308","author":"Grover","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.02.020","article-title":"Frequency and Features of Duodenal Adenomas in Patients With MUTYH-Associated Polyposis","volume":"14","author":"Walton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.038","article-title":"Duodenal Adenomas and Cancer in MUTYH-associated Polyposis: An International Cohort Study","volume":"160","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.23922\/jarc.2023-002","article-title":"Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome in Children and Adults-Secondary Publication","volume":"7","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anus, Rectum Colon"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5366.1086","article-title":"Mutations in the SMAD4\/DPC4 gene in juvenile polyposis","volume":"280","author":"Howe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/88919","article-title":"Germline mutations of the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A in juvenile polyposis","volume":"28","author":"Howe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40237.x","article-title":"The hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: A clinical and molecular review","volume":"100","author":"Schreibman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"588","article-title":"Appreciating the broad clinical features of SMAD4 mutation carriers: A multicenter chart review","volume":"16","author":"Wain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesia Analg."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2022.101799","article-title":"Juvenile polyposis syndrome: An overview","volume":"58\u201359","author":"Buono","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002246","article-title":"Management of Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Position Paper From the ESPGHAN Polyposis Working Group","volume":"68","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"475705","article-title":"Characteristics of Small Bowel Polyps Detected in Cowden Syndrome by Capsule Endoscopy","volume":"2015","author":"Saito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Gastrointest. Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Lin, X., Fang, Y., Zhuang, A., Tong, H., Lu, W., Zhou, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Case Report: Duodenal Carcinoma in a 40-Year-Old Asian Man With Cowden Syndrome. Front. Surg., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.935048"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12167","article-title":"Cowden syndrome complicated by a gastrointestinal stromal tumor","volume":"26","author":"Nakamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.02.003","article-title":"Risk of Colorectal and Other Cancers in Patients With Serrated Polyposis","volume":"13","author":"Edelstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2022.101791","article-title":"Serrated polyposis syndrome; epidemiology and management","volume":"58\u201359","author":"Carballal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.1805","article-title":"Current Management of Desmoid Tumors","volume":"10","author":"Kasper","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/7\/819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:59:15Z","timestamp":1760029155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/7\/819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15070819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15070819","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]}}}