{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T19:23:46Z","timestamp":1775244226566,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Both adiposity and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) are states of chronic inflammation. Adiposity may increase the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid carcinoma. However, its role in patients with HT remains unclear. The connections among thyroid nodularity, adiposity, and HT have not been explored. Aim: To investigate the impact of adiposity on thyroid nodularity in patients with H\u03a4 and to determine whether there are any differences in the risk for thyroid cancer. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 294 consecutive patients with HT who were categorized according to their body mass index (BMI). Grayscale ultrasound (US) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology results were evaluated in association with clinicopathological characteristics. Results: After controlling for age and gender, nodules from patients with a BMI \u2265 25 kg\/m2 showed significantly more suspicious or malignant cytology (Thy 4\u20135) compared to patients with a BMI &lt; 25 kg\/m2 (27.03% vs. 18.18%; p &lt; 0.01). Although not statistically significant after adjustments, patients with BMI \u2265 25 kg\/m2 demonstrated a higher proportion of nodules classified as highly suspicious on ultrasound (28.20% vs. 22.46%). Additionally, overweight and obese patients tended to have more thyroid nodules (mean \u00b1 SD: 2.91 \u00b1 2.11) than normal-weight patients (2.36 \u00b1 1.79), a difference approaching marginal significance (p = 0.06). Conclusions: Adiposity is associated with more suspicious and malignant cytology in patients with HT. Overweight and obese patients with HT tended to have more thyroid nodules. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms linking obesity, thyroid nodules, and HT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15070853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T10:54:48Z","timestamp":1743159288000},"page":"853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adiposity Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Thyroid Malignancy in Patients with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Fokou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliki","family":"Economides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"},{"name":"Economides Thyroid & Endocrinology Center, Nicosia 2406, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elpida","family":"Demetriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demetris","family":"Lamnisos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9749-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aris P.","family":"Agouridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7595-5616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Papageorgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panayiotis A.","family":"Economides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"},{"name":"Economides Thyroid & Endocrinology Center, Nicosia 2406, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.007","article-title":"Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Clinical and Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"13","author":"Caturegli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101367","article-title":"Hashimotos\u2019 Thyroiditis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinic and Therapy","volume":"33","author":"Ragusa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kaur, J., and Jialal, I. (2025). Hashimoto Thyroiditis. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing LLC. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459262\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, S.M., Ragusa, F., Elia, G., Paparo, S.R., Mazzi, V., Baldini, E., Benvenga, S., Antonelli, A., and Fallahi, P. (2021). Precision Medicine in Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Hypothyroidism. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.750380"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Franco, J.-S., Amaya-Amaya, J., and Anaya, J.-M. (2013). Thyroid Disease and Autoimmune Diseases. Autoimmunity: From Bench to Bedside [Internet], El Rosario University Press. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459466\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/112331","article-title":"The Importance of Nutritional Factors and Dietary Management of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"27","author":"Ihnatowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0047","article-title":"Mechanisms in Endocrinology: Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Old and New Players","volume":"170","author":"Effraimidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, X., Li, Y., Xie, J., Li, L., Wan, Z., Kang, Y., Luo, Y., Wang, J., Duan, Y., and Ding, S. (2022). The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Its Factors among Chinese Adult Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.967380"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401282","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: History and Future Outlook","volume":"12","author":"Hiromatsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673146","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/673146","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00427","article-title":"The Impact of Hashimoto Thyroiditis on Thyroid Nodule Cytology and Risk of Thyroid Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Stuart","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000468928","article-title":"Thyroid Autoimmunity and Thyroid Cancer: Review Focused on Cytological Studies","volume":"6","author":"Boi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.26574\/maedica.2019.14.2.98","article-title":"Cytological and Pathological Evaluation of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"14","author":"Omidan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maedica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2014.0072","article-title":"Is There Any Association between Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis and Thyroid Cancer? A Retrospective Data Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Santana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiol. Bras."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"376","article-title":"Comprehensive Evaluation for Obesity: Beyond Body Mass Index","volume":"116","author":"Cetin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"571","article-title":"Obesity Epidemiology Trends by Race\/Ethnicity, Gender, and education: National Health Interview Survey, 1997\u20132012","volume":"45","author":"Mincey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2017-00111","article-title":"Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement","volume":"38","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremmel, M., Gerdtham, U.G., Nilsson, P.M., and Saha, S. (2017). Economic Burden of Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040435"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). Obesity and Overweight, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2016.31.1.98","article-title":"Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Thyroid Nodules in Healthy Koreans","volume":"31","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Q., Yu, S., Chen, S., Yang, Y., Li, S., Hu, C., Huang, D., Kuang, L., and Li, D. (2020). Association of Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Status With the Incidence of Thyroid Nodules: A Prospective Study in Chinese Adults. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00582"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.3.693","article-title":"Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Thyroid Nodules in Severely Obese Patients: A Case-Control Study","volume":"20","author":"Noll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01836.x","article-title":"The Effect of Body Weight and Weight Loss on Thyroid Volume and Function in Obese Women","volume":"59","author":"Sari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41555","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14720","article-title":"The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules in Northwest China and Its Correlation with Metabolic Parameters and Uric Acid","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9376768","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9376768","article-title":"A Mechanism Exploration of Metabolic Syndrome Causing Nodular Thyroid Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000445054","article-title":"Obesity Does Not Modify the Risk of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in a Cytological Series of Thyroid Nodules","volume":"5","author":"Rotondi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid. J."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"278","article-title":"Comparison of Thyroid Volume, TSH, Free T4 and the Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules in Obese and Non-Obese Subjects and Correlation of These Parameters with Insulin Resistance Status","volume":"11","author":"Layegh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Caspian J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e240176","article-title":"Adiposity Is Associated with a Higher Number of Thyroid Nodules and Worse Fine-Needle Aspiration Outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Demetriou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, B., Zuo, Z., Tan, J., Guo, J., Teng, W., Lu, Y., and Liu, C. (2018). Association of Thyroid Nodules with Adiposity: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in China. BMC Endocr. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-018-0232-8"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1394-2","article-title":"Association of Obesity and Diabetes with Thyroid Nodules","volume":"60","author":"Buscemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1285-6","article-title":"Association between Lifestyle and Anthropometric Parameters and Thyroid Nodule Features","volume":"56","author":"Panagiotou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008452","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008452","article-title":"Relationship of Anthropometric Measurements to Thyroid Nodules in a Chinese Population","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016706","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016706","article-title":"Associations of Adiposity Measurements with Thyroid Nodules in Chinese Children Living in Iodine-Sufficient Areas: An Observational Study","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2116369","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.16369","article-title":"Evaluation of Thyroid Nodule Malignant Neoplasms and Obesity among Children and Young Adults","volume":"4","author":"Ortega","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA. Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-011-0410-5","article-title":"Morbid Obesity in Women Is Associated to a Lower Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules","volume":"22","author":"Cappelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demetriou, E., Fokou, M., Frangos, S., Papageorgis, P., Economides, P.A., and Economides, A. (2023). Thyroid Nodules and Obesity. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0882.v1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.183454","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and Obesity: An Intriguing Link","volume":"20","author":"Sanyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, R.H., Wang, B., Yao, Q.M., Li, Q., Jia, X., and Zhang, J.A. (2019). The Impact of Obesity on Thyroid Autoimmunity and Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02349"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000430438","article-title":"Prevalence of Cancer in Patients with Thyroid Nodules in the Island of Cyprus: Predictive Value of Ultrasound Features and Thyroid Autoimmune Status","volume":"4","author":"Hadjisavva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567658","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3567658","article-title":"Lymph Node Metastasis and Extrathyroidal Extension in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma in Cyprus: Suspicious Subcentimeter Nodules Should Undergo FNA When Multifocality Is Suspected","volume":"2020","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thyroid. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","article-title":"2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Haugen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Cross, P., Chandra, A., Giles, T., Johnson, S., Kocjan, G., Poller, D., and Stephenson, T. (2016). Guidance on the Reporting of Thyroid Cytology Specimens, The Royal College of Pathologists."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179551420988523","DOI":"10.1177\/1179551420988523","article-title":"The Relationship Between Thyroid Function and Body Composition, Leptin, Adiponectin, and Insulin Sensitivity in Morbidly Obese Euthyroid Subjects Compared to Non-Obese Subjects","volume":"14","author":"Ekhzaimy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6816198","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6816198","article-title":"Impact of Abdominal Obesity on Thyroid Auto-Antibody Positivity: Abdominal Obesity Can Enhance the Risk of Thyroid Autoimmunity in Men","volume":"2020","author":"Zynat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2515","article-title":"Thyroid and Obesity: Not a One-Way Interaction","volume":"96","author":"Rotondi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"819","article-title":"Obesity Rather than Metabolic Syndrome Is a Risk Factor for Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Autoimmunity","volume":"34","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"8894792","article-title":"The Association of Obesity with Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Thyroid Function-Possible Mechanisms of Bilateral Interaction","volume":"2020","author":"Bik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"64","article-title":"Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Obesity","volume":"53","author":"Valea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Balk. Med. Union"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.2687","article-title":"Thyroid Function and Thyroid Autoimmunity in Relation to Weight Status and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: A Population-Based Study","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCRPE J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"424","article-title":"Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis","volume":"78","author":"Maquedatenorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.X., Zhong, Y., Lv, W.H., Zhang, F., and Yu, H. (2019). Association of Adiposity with Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Healthy Population in Beijing, China. BMC Endocr. Disord., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0430-z"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5014","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.11.79","article-title":"Adiposity and the Risk of Thyroid Nodules with a High-Suspicion Sonographic Pattern: A Large Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study","volume":"11","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Zeng, F., Wang, Y., Bai, Y., Shan, X., and Kong, L. (2021). Prevalence and Associated Metabolic Factors for Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southwest of China with More than 120 Thousand Populations. BMC Endocr. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00842-2"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0398","article-title":"An Analysis of the Correlation between Thyroid Nodules and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2015.273","article-title":"Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Their Associated Clinical Parameters: A Large-Scale, Multicenter-Based Health Checkup Study","volume":"33","author":"Moon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6853617","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6853617","article-title":"The Association of Thyroid Nodules with Metabolic Status: A Cross-Sectional SPECT-China Study","volume":"2018","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"9","article-title":"Thyroid Nodules in Severely Obese Patients: Frequency and Risk of Malignancy on Ultrasonography","volume":"45","author":"Miamae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18213","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018213","article-title":"Association of Obesity with the Clinicopathological Features of Thyroid Cancer in a Large, Operative Population: A Retrospective Case-Control Study","volume":"98","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62414","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18620","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Risk","volume":"8","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-021-00117-x","article-title":"Is Hashimoto Thyroiditis Associated with Increasing Risk of Thyroid Malignancies? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Abbasgholizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.05.019","article-title":"Thyroid Autoimmune Disorders and Cancer","volume":"64","author":"Ferrari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.2013.0002","article-title":"Clinical, Ultrasonographical and Histopathological Aspects in Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis Associated with Malignant and Benign Thyroid Nodules","volume":"64","author":"Zosin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, E., De, P., and Nuttall, R. (2012). BMI, Diet and Female Reproductive Factors as Risks for Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029177"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2018.03.001","article-title":"The Risk of Thyroid Cancer and Obesity: A Nationwide Population-Based Study Using the Korea National Health Insurance Corporation Cohort Database","volume":"27","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2978","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Is There a Correlation?","volume":"98","author":"Jankovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"9567","article-title":"Cytokine Production of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Coexisting with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-015-1705-5","article-title":"Cytokine Production in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer and Associated Autoimmune Hashimoto Thyroiditis","volume":"64","author":"Mihaljevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/7\/853\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:02:58Z","timestamp":1760029378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/7\/853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15070853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15070853","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}}}