{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T08:20:00Z","timestamp":1777105200294,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Italy.","award":["RRC-2025-23686388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRC-2025-23686388"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique that measures the oxygenation variations of brain tissue in response to different stimuli. It has many advantages such as being easy to use, portable, and non-invasive. Several studies over the years have demonstrated the usefulness of NIRS in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. NIRS remains relatively underutilized in clinical practice. The aim of this brief review was to describe the use of NIRS in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases and how its use can modify clinical, therapeutic, and rehabilitative approaches. A total of 54 relevant articles were selected from the PUBMED research database related to the diagnostic and prognostic role of fNIRS in the main neurological and neurodegenerative diseases; significant outcomes have been reported in a descriptive form with careful considerations. In addition, we excluded studies using fNIRS in co-registration with other neurophysiological techniques. The use of NIRS should be applied even in the field of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases; in dementia, NIRS can aid in differential diagnosis and predict possible evolutions from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD) stage; in stroke, it plays an important role especially in the post-acute phase, giving information about the patient\u2019s chances of recovery; in Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD), the results showed the important role of cognitive aspects; in epilepsy, NIRS can localize the epileptic focus or potentially predict seizure onset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15070869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T04:21:01Z","timestamp":1743481261000},"page":"869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases as Support to Clinical Practice: An Overview of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elvira","family":"Gjonaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Formica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Cartella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL Cagliari Ospedale Santissima Trinit\u00e0, 09121 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nunzio","family":"Muscar\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1088-6808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Quartarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9501-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"De Salvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/jpr.12206","article-title":"A Review on the Use of Wearable Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Naturalistic Environments","volume":"60","author":"Pinti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. 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