{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:54Z","timestamp":1787027934638,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["RF1-AG057494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1-AG057494"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01-NS108463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS108463"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01-NS108491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS108491"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01-DK136843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK136843"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R21-AG070173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-AG070173"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The brain\u2019s vascular system has recently been shown to provide an important efflux pathway for cerebral waste clearance (CWC). However, little is known about the influence of aging or diabetes on the CWC. The aim of the current study is to investigate the vasculature contribution to CWC under aging and diabetic conditions. Methods: Male Wistar rats under aging and diabetic conditions were evaluated using dynamic intra-cisterna superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced susceptibility-weighted imaging (SPIO-SWI). Theoretical analysis of the expected signal intensity using SPIO-SWI was compared with the corresponding dynamic in vivo images. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was used to evaluate the iron-based tracer concentration in the venous system. Results: Our data demonstrated that the theoretical analysis predicted the dynamic changes in the signal intensity after SPIO infusion. The distinct hyperintense signals due to the lower concentration of the SPIO over time in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and meningeal lymphatic (ML) vessels likely represented the CWC through various efflux pathways, including cerebral vascular and ML vessels. The QSM analysis further revealed reduced CWC from the vasculature in both the aged and diabetic groups compared to the younger group. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that SPIO-SWI can quantitatively evaluate the CWC efflux contributions from cerebral vascular vessels under aging or diabetic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15081019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T10:04:56Z","timestamp":1744797896000},"page":"1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vascular Contribution to Cerebral Waste Clearance Affected by Aging or Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2993-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yimin","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangliang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0835-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasleen","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Mark","family":"Haacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiani","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7908-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","article-title":"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18190","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1592-13.2013","article-title":"Cerebral arterial pulsation drives paravascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange in the murine brain","volume":"33","author":"Iliff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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