{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:30:51Z","timestamp":1790875851077,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"NIDCR\/NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DE028295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE028295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the optimal combinations of wavelengths for short wavelength infrared (SWIR) multispectral transillumination and reflectance imaging of caries lesions on proximal and occlusal surfaces. Methods: The contrasts of (n = 76) caries lesions on the occlusal and proximal surfaces of extracted teeth were measured at 1050, 1300, and 1550 nm for occlusal transillumination and 1058, 1300, 1450, and 1675 nm for occlusal reflectance. All teeth were also imaged using radiography and microcomputed tomography (\u03bcCT) to verify lesion presence. A custom-fabricated handheld imaging probe suitable for clinical use and for the simultaneous acquisition of SWIR occlusal transillumination and reflectance (SWIR-OTR) images was used. Three high-power superluminescent diode lasers were used for transillumination, and a fiber-optic switch was used to switch between the transillumination wavelengths. Optical bandpass filters coupled with a tungsten halogen lamp were used for reflectance. All images were acquired at the same position and with the same field of view for comparison. Results: The highest contrasts in reflection were at 1450 and 1675 nm for occlusal and interproximal lesions, and the highest contrasts for transillumination were at 1050 and 1300 nm. Conclusions: This study suggests that the best wavelengths for SWIR-OTR are between 1000 and 1300 nm for transillumination and greater than 1400 nm for reflectance. Wavelengths beyond 1400 nm are advantageous for reflectance and yield significantly higher contrast. Wavelengths beyond 1300 nm are not promising for occlusal transillumination since internal water absorption leads to contrast inversion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15081034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T08:24:07Z","timestamp":1744964647000},"page":"1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optimal Wavelengths for Multispectral Short Wavelength Infrared Transillumination and Reflectance Imaging for Caries Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Fried","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8054-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NIDCR (2020). Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General-Executive Summary."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2012.0097","article-title":"The prevalence of questionable occlusal caries: Findings from the Dental Practice-Based Research Network","volume":"143","author":"Makhija","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2005.05.010","article-title":"Utility of radiology, laser fluorescence, and transillumination","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sordillo, L.A., and Sordillo, D.C. (2022). SWIR Imaging of lesions on Tooth Surfaces. Short-Wavelength Infrared Windows for Biomedical Applications, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/3.2604326"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20913","article-title":"In vivo near-IR imaging of approximal dental decay at 1310 nm","volume":"42","author":"Staninec","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1559-4","article-title":"In vivo validation of near-infrared light transillumination for interproximal dentin caries detection","volume":"20","author":"Kuhnisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"531","article-title":"Caries detection and diagnostics with near-infrared light transillumination: Clinical experiences","volume":"45","author":"Sochtig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"158","article-title":"DIAGNOcam\u2014A Near Infrared Digital Imaging Transillumination (NIDIT) technology","volume":"10","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Esthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.12.008","article-title":"Near infrared transillumination compared with radiography to detect and monitor proximal caries: A clinical retrospective study","volume":"70","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"White, S.C., and Pharoah, M.J. (2014). Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation, Mosby."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519871884","article-title":"Caries Detection with Near-Infrared Transillumination Using Deep Learning","volume":"98","author":"Casalegno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22549","article-title":"Near-IR Transillumination and Reflectance Imaging at 1300-nm and 1500\u20131700-nm for in vivo Caries Detection","volume":"48","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers. Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Le, O., Xue, J., Wycoff, S., and Fried, D. (2024). Clinical SWIR and CP-OCT imaging of interproximal lesions. BMC Oral. Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04637-4"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Ng, C., Le, O., Ho, Y.C., and Fried, D. (2023). Diagnostic Performance of Multispectral SWIR Transillumination and Reflectance Imaging for Caries Detection. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13172824"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Abdelaziz, M., Simon, J., Le, O., and Fried, D. (2021). Dual short wavelength infrared transillumination\/reflectance mode imaging for caries detection. J. Biomed. Opt., 26.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.26.4.043004"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., and Fried, D. (2022). Measurement of the Depth of Lesions on Proximal Surfaces with SWIR Multispectral Transillumination and Reflectance Imaging. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030597"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"719","article-title":"Radiographic versus clinical extension of Class II carious lesions using an F-speed film","volume":"30","author":"Kooistra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"88","article-title":"Accuracy of proximal caries depth determination using two intraoral film speeds","volume":"47","author":"Jessee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2341\/07-167","article-title":"Estimation of clinical axial extension of Class II caries lesions with ultraspeed and digital radiographs: An in-vivo study","volume":"33","author":"Dennison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salsone, S., Taylor, A., Gomez, J., Pretty, I., Ellwood, R., Dickinson, M., Lombardo, G., and Zakian, C. (2012). Histological validation of near-infrared reflectance multispectral imaging technique for caries detection and quantification. J. Biomed. Opt., 17.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.7.076009"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakian, C., Pretty, I., and Ellwood, R. (2009). Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging of teeth for dental caries detection. J. Biomed. Opt., 14.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3275480"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"A system for simultaneous near-infrared reflectance and transillumination imaging of occlusal carious lesions","volume":"Volume 9692","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers in Dentistry XXII"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, C., Almaz, E.C., Simon, J.C., Fried, D., and Darling, C.L. (2019). Near-infrared imaging of demineralization on the occlusal surfaces of teeth without the interference of stains. J. Biomed. Opt., 24.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.3.036002"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"982","article-title":"Colloidal Quantum Dot Photodetectors for Large Format NIR, SWIR, and eSWIR Imaging Arrays","volume":"52","author":"Gregory","year":"2023","journal-title":"Whitepaper"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/8\/1034\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:17:21Z","timestamp":1760030241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/8\/1034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15081034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15081034","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]}}}