{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:59:55Z","timestamp":1792094395071,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Clinical intraoral photographs are important for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and documentation. This study aimed to evaluate deep learning algorithms trained utilizing actual cephalometric measurements for the classification of intraoral clinical photographs. Methods: This study was executed on lateral cephalograms and intraoral right-side images of 990 patients. IMPA, interincisal angle, U1\u2013palatal plane angle, and Wits appraisal values were measured utilizing WebCeph. Intraoral photographs were divided into three groups based on cephalometric measurements. A total of 14 deep learning models (DenseNet 121, DenseNet 169, DenseNet 201, EfficientNet B0, EfficientNet V2, Inception V3, MobileNet V2, NasNetMobile, ResNet101, ResNet152, ResNet50, VGG16, VGG19, and Xception) were employed to classify the intraoral photographs. Performance metrics (F1 scores, accuracy, precision, and recall) were calculated and confusion matrices were formed. Results: The highest accuracy rates were 98.33% for IMPA groups, 99.00% for interincisal angle groups, 96.67% for U1\u2013palatal plane angle groups, and 98.33% for Wits measurement groups. Lowest accuracy rates were 59% for IMPA groups, 53% for interincisal angle groups, 33.33% for U1\u2013palatal plane angle groups, and 83.67% for Wits measurement groups. Conclusions: Although accuracy rates varied among classifications and DL algorithms, successful classification could be achieved in the majority of cases. Our results may be promising for case classification and analysis without the need for lateral cephalometric radiographs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15091059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T20:11:48Z","timestamp":1745352708000},"page":"1059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Classification of Intraoral Photographs with Deep Learning Algorithms Trained According to Cephalometric Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sultan B\u00fc\u015fra Ay","family":"Kartbak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41190, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2984-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Birol","family":"\u00d6zel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41190, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duygu Nur Cesur","family":"Kocakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, G\u00f6lc\u00fck 41650, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3752-6642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammet","family":"\u00c7akmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Sinop University, Sinop 57000, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enver Alper","family":"Sinano\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41190, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.06.019","article-title":"Developments, application, and performance of artificial intelligence in dentistry\u2014A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Khanagar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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