{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:13:21Z","timestamp":1760058801536,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Syphilis is a disease caused by Treponema pallidum. It is primarily transmitted sexually or vertically during pregnancy. The origin is twofold, namely, it comes from America or Europe. Syphilis was first recorded in a human skeleton in the 11th century. However, signs of treponemal disease were observed in osteological material from a Pleistocene bear. Hence, it is necessary to study syphilis on bone material to better understand the etiology of the above disease and, consequently, introduce preventive measures. Examination of syphilis on skeletal material can be performed at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Those methods refer to the visual assessment of skeletal material, namely the identification of characteristic pathological changes caused by syphilis, such as periostitis, which manifests itself as thickenings on the bone surface, and syphilis nodules (gummata), which are defects in the bones. Most often, these changes are found on long bones such as the tibia, femur, and skull. Radiological methods may be used, such as X-ray, computed tomography (CT), Micro-CT (ICT), as well as molecular examination. Summarizing, this review is an overview of the latest methodology regarding syphilis research on skeletal material, thanks to which it can better understand its genesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15091116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T06:23:32Z","timestamp":1745821412000},"page":"1116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Methods Used in Detecting Syphilis in Paleopathological Research\u2014A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4399-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Mikita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vertex\u2014Paleoanatomy Students Scientific Club, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michalina Jagoda","family":"Lizo\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vertex\u2014Paleoanatomy Students Scientific Club, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"G\u0105siorowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vertex\u2014Paleoanatomy Students Scientific Club, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical and Dissecting Anatomy Students Scientific Club, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1222-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej Mateusz","family":"Hanypsiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vertex\u2014Paleoanatomy Students Scientific Club, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical and Dissecting Anatomy Students Scientific Club, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Student Scientific Association at Department of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2084-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Falana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vertex\u2014Paleoanatomy Students Scientific Club, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical and Dissecting Anatomy Students Scientific Club, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0066-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Dissecting Anatomy Students Scientific Club, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, 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Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5220-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Domaga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8301-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Nowakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6016-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical 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