{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:54Z","timestamp":1787027934765,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system (CNS). While the inflammatory components of MS have been extensively studied, the progressive neurodegenerative aspect remains a critical factor contributing to long-term disability. Therefore, the identification and validation of biomarkers associated with neurodegenerative processes are essential for improved diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. This review explores cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood-based biomarkers, including neurofilaments, lipid markers, kynurenines, and other molecular indicators that provide insights into neurodegeneration in MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15091178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T09:08:56Z","timestamp":1746522536000},"page":"1178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Neurodegenerative Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: At the Interface Between Research and Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alin","family":"Ciubotaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina Irina","family":"Smihor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Grosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Alexa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, \u201cGrigore T. 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