{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:19:09Z","timestamp":1789564749510,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) are common in advanced lung cancer patients. Cytological examination of pleural fluid is essential for identifying cell types but presents diagnostic challenges, particularly when reactive mesothelial cells mimic neoplastic cells. AI-powered diagnostic systems have emerged as valuable tools in digital cytopathology. This study explores the applicability of machine-learning (ML) models and highlights the importance of accessible tools for clinicians, enabling them to develop AI solutions and make advanced diagnostic tools available even in resource-limited settings. The focus is on differentiating normal\/reactive cells from neoplastic cells in pleural effusions linked to lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: A dataset from the Cytopathology Unit at the Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital comprising 969 raw images, annotated with 3130 single mesothelial cells and 3260 adenocarcinoma cells, was categorized into two classes based on morphological features. Object-detection models were developed using YOLOv8 and the latest YOLOv11 instance segmentation models. Results: The models achieved an Intersection over Union (IoU) score of 0.72, demonstrating robust performance in class prediction for both categories, with YOLOv11 showing performance improvements over YOLOv8 in different metrics. Conclusions: The application of machine learning in cytopathology offers clinicians valuable support in differential diagnosis while also expanding their ability to engage with AI tools and methodologies. The diagnosis of MPEs is marked by substantial morphological and technical variability, underscoring the need for high-quality datasets and advanced deep-learning models. These technologies have the potential to enhance data interpretation and support more effective clinical treatment strategies in the era of precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15101240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T08:44:58Z","timestamp":1747212298000},"page":"1240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bringing AI to Clinicians: Simplifying Pleural Effusion Cytology Diagnosis with User-Friendly Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2046-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Giarnieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytopathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5486-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Carico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytopathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Scarpino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphologic and Molecular Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1718-1587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierdonato","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0881-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Scardapane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00196 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Giansanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tisp, ISS, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000329703","article-title":"Advanced malignant lung disease: What the specialist can offer","volume":"82","author":"Gompelmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-012-9445-1","article-title":"Management of malignant pleural effusion","volume":"191","author":"Kastelik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.148461","article-title":"The role of Indwelling pleural catheter in management of malignant pleural effusion: A creative new technique for an old method","volume":"32","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2199","article-title":"Survival in patients with malignant pleural effusions who developed pleural infection: A retrospective case review from six UK centers","volume":"148","author":"Bibby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.21037\/jovs.2018.05.02","article-title":"Treatment of malignant pleural effusion","volume":"4","author":"Terra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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