{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T21:21:51Z","timestamp":1776201711832,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of various MRI sequences in detecting nodal metastasis (N+) and extranodal extension (ENE+) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 42 patients with HNSCC who underwent preoperative MRI and subsequent surgical lymph node dissection between June 2021 and December 2023. Lymph node MRI features were evaluated on five different MRI sequences. For each rN+ case, the presence of radiological extranodal extension (rENE+) was assessed independently in every MRI sequence by analyzing three characteristics. ENE was deemed positive if at least one of three criteria considered was present. Results: All of the MRI sequences demonstrated slightly high accuracy (~76%) for detecting N+, with T1WI, STIR, and CE THRIVE showing comparable sensitivities (60\u201365%). The STIR sequence exhibited the highest sensitivity (75%) and nearly the highest accuracy (91%) for detecting ENE+. Capsular irregularity and necrosis showed high specificity across sequences, while the loss of fatty hilum and nodal size had lower performance. Conclusions: Tailoring MRI protocols to leverage the strengths of specific sequences can significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy, aiding in better patient management and treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15101251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T04:39:16Z","timestamp":1747283956000},"page":"1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diagnostic Performance of Magnetic Resonance Sequences in Staging Lymph Node Involvement and Extranodal Extension in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lorusso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0111-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Maggialetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Laugello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Garofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Villanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6172-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3970-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Pignataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6654-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola Maria","family":"Lucarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amato Antonio","family":"Stabile Ianora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00224-3","article-title":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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