{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T01:29:28Z","timestamp":1781832568367,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Neurosurgical interventions are often indicated for patients with subcortical, supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH); however, the optimal treatment modality is controversial. Whether minimally invasive surgery (MIS) may be superior to conventional craniotomy (CC) or decompressive craniectomy (DC) in real-world clinical practice is unknown. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of hospitalization data from the 2016\u201322 Nationwide Readmissions Database. International Classification of Diseases\u201410th edition (ICD-10) codes were used to identify patients with primary supratentorial subcortical ICH who underwent neurosurgical treatment. Patients with ICH in other brain compartments (other than intraventricular hemorrhage) were excluded. Coprimary outcomes were routine discharge to home without rehabilitation needs (excellent outcome) and in-hospital mortality. Outcomes were compared between MIS versus CC and MIS versus DC, with multivariable adjustments for patient demographics and comorbidities. Results: A total of 3829 patients were identified; 418 underwent MIS (10.9%), 2167 (56.6%) underwent CC, and 1244 (32.5%) underwent DC. Compared to CC patients, MIS patients were less likely female (p = 0.004) but otherwise had similar patient characteristics; compared to DC patients, MIS patients were older, less likely female, more likely to have mental status abnormalities, more likely to have underlying dementia, less likely to undergo external ventricular drainage, more likely to have vascular risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes), and less likely to have underlying coagulopathy (all p &lt; 0.05). After multivariable adjustments, MIS patients had higher odds of excellent outcomes compared to CC (OR 1.99 [95%CI 1.06\u20133.30], p = 0.039), and similar odds compared to DC (OR 1.10 [95%CI 0.66\u20131.86], p = 0.73). In terms of in-hospital mortality, MIS had lower odds compared to DC (OR 0.63 [95%CI 0.41\u20130.96], p = 0.032) and similar odds compared to CC (OR 0.81 [95%CI 0.56\u20131.18], p = 0.26). Conclusions: For patients with subcortical, supratentorial ICH requiring surgical evacuation, MIS was associated with higherhigher rates of excellent outcomes compared to CC and lower rates of in-hospital mortality compared to DC. However, since key variables such as hematoma size and symptom severity were not available, residual confounding could not be excluded, and results should be interpreted cautiously. Dedicated prospective or randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15111308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T06:35:09Z","timestamp":1747982109000},"page":"1308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Minimally Invasive Surgery Versus Conventional Neurosurgical Treatments for Patients with Subcortical Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Nationwide Study of Real-World Data from 2016 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huanwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA"},{"name":"Neurosurgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9788-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew K.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihir","family":"Khunte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9223-6640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Labib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7823-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Colasurdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dheeraj","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241307876","article-title":"World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global intracerebral hemorrhage factsheet 2025","volume":"20","author":"Krishnamurthi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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