{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T09:56:13Z","timestamp":1775210173797,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKRI Innovate UK","award":["10031483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10031483"]}]},{"name":"UKRI Innovate UK","award":["202308060026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202308060026"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["10031483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10031483"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["202308060026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202308060026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: This study aimed to develop and validate an efficient eye-tracking algorithm suitable for the analysis of images captured in the visible-light spectrum using a smartphone camera. Methods: The investigation primarily focused on comparing two algorithms, which were named CHT_TM and CHT_ACM, abbreviated from the core functions: Circular Hough Transform (CHT), Active Contour Models (ACMs), and Template Matching (TM). Results: CHT_TM significantly improved the running speed of the CHT_ACM algorithm, with not much difference in the resource consumption, and improved the accuracy on the x axis. CHT_TM achieved a reduction by 79% of the execution time. CHT_TM performed with an average mean percentage error of 0.34% and 0.95% in the x and y direction across the 19 manually validated videos, compared to 0.81% and 0.85% for CHT_ACM. Different conditions, like manually opening the eyelids with a finger versus without a finger, were also compared across four different tasks. Conclusions: This study shows that applying TM improves the original eye-tracking algorithm with CHT_ACM. The new algorithm has the potential to help the tracking of eye movement, which can facilitate the early screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15121446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T06:11:08Z","timestamp":1749190268000},"page":"1446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validation of an Eye-Tracking Algorithm Based on Smartphone Videos: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3426-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanzi","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damon","family":"Hoad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Pecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5408-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Piaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106295","article-title":"Leveraging eye-tracking technologies to promote aviation safety\u2014A review of key aspects, challenges, and future perspectives","volume":"168","author":"Mengtao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saf. 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