{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:41:17Z","timestamp":1781584877548,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SUNY Research Foundation","award":["RF ALLOCATION AWARD050 FY 13\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF ALLOCATION AWARD050 FY 13\/24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Quantitative assessments of facial muscle function and cognitive responses can enhance the clinic evaluations in neuromuscular disorders such as Bell\u2019s palsy and psychiatric conditions including anxiety and depression. This study explored the application of Digital Image Speckle Correlation (DISC) in detecting enervation of facial musculature and assessing reaction times in response to visual stimuli. Methods: A consistent video recording setup was used to capture facial movements of human subjects in response to visual stimuli from a calibrated database. The DISC method utilizes the displacement of naturally occurring skin pores to map the specific locus of underlying muscular movement. The technique was applied to two distinct case studies: Patient 1 had unilateral Bell\u2019s palsy and was monitored for 1 month of recovery. Patient 2 had a comorbidity of refractory depression and anxiety disorders with ketamine treatment and was assessed over 3 consecutive weekly visits. For patient 1, facial asymmetry was calculated by comparing left-to-right displacement signals. For patient 2, visual reaction time was measured, and facial motion intensity and response rate were compared with self-reported depression and anxiety scales. Results: DISC effectively mapped biomechanical properties of facial motions, providing detailed spatial and temporal resolution of muscle activity. In a control cohort of 10 subjects, when executing a facial expression, the degree of left\/right facial asymmetry was determined to be 13.2 (8)%. And showed a robust response in an average of 275 (81) milliseconds to five out of the five images shown. For patient 1, obtained an initial asymmetry of nearly 100%, which decreased steadily to 20% in one month, demonstrating a progressive recovery. Patient 2 exhibited a prolonged reaction time of 518 (93) milliseconds and reduced response rates compared with controls of 275 (81) milliseconds and a decrease in the overall rate of response relative to the control group. The data obtained before treatment in three visits correlated strongly with selected depression and anxiety scores. Conclusions: These findings highlight the utility of DISC in enhancing clinical monitoring, complementing traditional examinations and self-reported measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15131574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T06:50:45Z","timestamp":1750402245000},"page":"1574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Digital Image Speckle Correlation (DISC): Facial Muscle Tracking for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Polak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1967-9311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin N.","family":"Passman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucian M.","family":"Manu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Rafailovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, H., Zhong, W., Yang, Z., Cao, X., Dai, S., Huang, X., Hu, L., Lan, K., Li, G., and Yu, H. 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