{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:45:38Z","timestamp":1792442738396,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) causes sensorineural hearing loss that classically presents as fluctuating, asymmetric loss of hearing. Associated vestibular and other ear symptoms can be present in many patients. First-line treatment of AIED is high-dose corticosteroids. AIED can present either as a primary condition limited to ear involvement or secondary, as part of an underlying systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease, the most common of which include vasculitis and relapsing polychondritis. We described our cohort of primary AIED, including demographics, treatment, and outcomes. We excluded from this review sensorineural hearing loss in the context of vasculitis and relapsing polychondritis. Methods: We performed a chart review of patients with the diagnosis of AIED at Mayo Clinic and compared the cohort by sex. Results: Thirty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 48.5 years, and 17 were men. Patients were initially evaluated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology or Internal Medicine, and 29 patients were subsequently referred to the Department of Rheumatology, with a mean of 12.2 weeks after the first evaluation. Treatment with corticosteroids showed improvement in hearing and vestibular symptoms during the first month but no further improvement by the end of the third month. Other immunosuppressive medications were used with various degrees of response. Methotrexate was the second most used therapy, with 11 of 17 patients reporting an improvement in symptoms. Conclusions: Corticosteroid therapy is an effective initial treatment for AIED and should be followed with corticosteroid-sparing agents to prevent further damage to the cochlea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15131577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T03:39:26Z","timestamp":1750649966000},"page":"1577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease from a Rheumatologic Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9117-7535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximiliano","family":"Diaz-Menindez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9024-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Chindris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Mead-Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Ronald R.","family":"Butendieck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razvan M.","family":"Chirila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Britt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florentina","family":"Berianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05681-5","article-title":"Demystifying autoimmune inner ear disease","volume":"276","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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Neurotol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/13\/1577\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:56:10Z","timestamp":1760032570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/13\/1577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15131577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15131577","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]}}}