{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T08:55:32Z","timestamp":1781686532307,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate identification and protection of the lingual nerve during oral surgery are critical to avoid complications such as a loss of taste or sensation and chronic pain. While numerous studies have described the nerve\u2019s anatomy and injury outcomes, no consensus exists on the optimal method to trace its full course. This narrative review systematically examined the literature from 2010 to 2024, using databases like PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar. Keywords included \u201cLingual nerve,\u201d \u201cCourse,\u201d \u201cAnatomy,\u201d and \u201cClinical implications,\u201d combined with Boolean operators. Studies were selected based on defined criteria, and findings were synthesized to highlight key challenges in diagnosing the nerve\u2019s path. This review identifies difficulties at multiple anatomical sites: the foramen ovale, infratemporal fossa, pterygomandibular space, third molar and retromolar regions, premolar\/molar areas, floor of the mouth, and anterior gingiva and tongue. Lingual nerve injury, especially during lower third molar surgeries, remains a major concern, often exacerbated by factors like patient age, unerupted teeth, and lingual surgical approaches. Effective prevention hinges on precise anatomical knowledge and meticulous surgical technique. Microsurgical repair remains the primary treatment but often yields unpredictable outcomes. Emerging regenerative therapies show early promise but require further clinical validation. Imaging tools such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound may enhance diagnostic accuracy and surgical planning; however, each has limitations in everyday practice. Ultimately, early identification, careful surgical handling, and appropriate imaging support are vital for improving patient outcomes and minimizing the risks of lingual nerve injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15131609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T08:23:22Z","timestamp":1750839802000},"page":"1609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Challenges in Diagnosing the Course of the Lingual Nerve for Clinical Practice and Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4354-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Cheong","family":"Ngeow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8504-3955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui Wen","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4369-093X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishan","family":"Sarna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 10110, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5795-4249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia Wei","family":"Cheah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7305-358X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3387-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surendra Kumar","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4548-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong Zheng","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Petaling Jaya 43300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0188-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mang Chek","family":"Wey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2019.46.8.775","article-title":"Lingual nerve neuropathy","volume":"46","author":"Ngeow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. 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