{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:13:23Z","timestamp":1792268003063,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carotid stenosis is a common pathology in clinical practice and unfortunately carries a high risk of serious cerebrovascular events. The early recognition of carotid plaque and, consequently, a careful analysis by means of multimodal imaging are the necessary steps to undertake a correct management pathway, aimed at preventing or, if not possible, reducing the risk of atherogenic phenomena responsible for cerebral infarction. In particular, the presence or absence of clinical symptoms, understood as the occurrence of events such as TIAs in the last 6 months, non-disabling strokes or repeated episodes of amaurosis fugax, and the degree of carotid stenosis, are certainly the most studied parameters, and as reported by several international guidelines, can lead to the best therapeutic strategy: whether to rely on conservative medical therapy or to resort to mechanical revascularization of the carotid stenosis. According to the recommendations of the European Society of Vascular Surgery, mechanical revascularization is recommended for stenosis &gt; 50% in symptomatic patients and stenosis &gt; 60% in asymptomatic patients. In contrast, the latest findings on plaque vulnerability have focused attention on individual patient characteristics and clinical comorbidities that may be responsible for plaque inflammation and should therefore be taken into consideration to decide if revascularization treatment is needed even in those subjects who present stenosis with less degree than reported as critical value. Moreover, further radiological investigations are fundamental to finding the presence of entities such as plaque ulceration, plaque neo-vascularization, fibrous caps, and intraplaque lipid core that are responsible for increased vulnerability. Medical therapy involves interventions aimed at eliminating cardiovascular risk factors by administering drugs that control the comorbidities responsible for worsening carotid stenosis. Recent studies are also evaluating the effectiveness of new plaque-modifying drugs or targeted anti-inflammatory agents in reducing the risk of plaque development and complications. Revascularization therapies, on the other hand, include surgery (CEA), the endovascular technique (CAS), and a new hybrid technique (TCAR): they are all valid alternatives for the treatment of carotid stenosis, each with specific technical difficulties, but on the whole with comparable safety profiles and risk rates of postoperative complications, although some recent emergencies have focused attention on possible short- and long-term gender-dependent outcome differences. The aim of this manuscript is to present the state of the art in the management of patients with carotid stenosis and to take a closer look at revascularization options. In our opinion, the choice of one strategy over another should therefore depend on gender, anatomical features of the patient, preoperative comorbidities, and last but not least, the experience of the center and the multidisciplinary team involved in the management of the patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15131679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:28:28Z","timestamp":1751347708000},"page":"1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Management and Treatment of Carotid Stenosis: Overview of Therapeutic Possibilities and Comparison Between Interventional Radiology, Surgery and Hybrid Procedure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9331-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Aliotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9102-074X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio Maria","family":"Gavazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierantonio","family":"Malfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Cannizzaro, 95126 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0918-0103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro Valerio","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-2974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Palmucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4294-7350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Lo Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5562-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Spatola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-2680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"In\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9637-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Tiralongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1542-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Castiglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-6863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2570-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Galvano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale Alta Specializzazione (ARNAS) Garibaldi, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3198-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Gigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Cantisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinic \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-7490","article-title":"A narrative review of the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke in carotid plaques: A distinction versus a compromise between hemodynamic and embolic mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Mechtouff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David, E., Grazhdani, H., Aliotta, L., Gavazzi, L.M., Foti, P.V., Palmucci, S., In\u00ec, C., Tiralongo, F., Castiglione, D., and Renda, M. (2024). Imaging of Carotid Stenosis: Where Are We Standing? 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