{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:16Z","timestamp":1760059996881,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Investitionsbank Berlin (IBB)"},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive alternative to tissue biopsy and is used to obtain information about a disease from a blood sample or other body fluids. In the context of cancer, circulating tumor cells (CTC) can be used as biomarkers to determine the nature of the tumor, its stage of progression, and the efficiency of the administered therapy through monitoring. However, the low concentration of CTCs in blood (1\u201310 cells\/mL) is a challenge for their isolation. Therefore, a minimally invasive medical device (BMProbe\u2122) was developed that isolates CTCs via antigen\u2013antibody binding directly from the bloodstream. Current investigations focus on the process of detaching bound cells from the BMProbe\u2122 surface for cell cultivation and subsequent drug testing to enable personalized therapy planning. Methods: This article presents two approaches for detaching LNCaP cells from anti-EpCAM coated BMProbes\u2122: enzymatic detachment using TrypLE\u2122 and detachment through enzymatic pretreatment with supplementary flow-induced shear stress. The additional shear stress is intended to increase the detachment efficiency. To determine the flow rate required to gently detach the cells, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was carried out. Results: The experimental test results demonstrate that 91% of the bound cells can be detached enzymatically within 10 min. Based on the simulation, a maximum flow rate of 47.76 mL\/min was defined in the flow detachment system, causing an average shear stress of 8.4 Pa at the probe edges. The additional flow treatment did not increase the CTC detachment efficiency. Conclusions: It is feasible that the detachment efficiency can be further increased by a longer enzymatic incubation time or higher shear stress. The influence on the integrity and viability of cells must, however, be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15151876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T07:57:24Z","timestamp":1753689444000},"page":"1876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Novel CTC-Binding Probe: Enzymatic vs. Shear Stress-Based Detachment Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0534-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Krakowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Invicol GmbH, K\u00f6penicker Str. 325, 12555 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabi","family":"Bondzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Invicol GmbH, K\u00f6penicker Str. 325, 12555 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0151-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Hehnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1788-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Lommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Kertzscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0550-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Friedrich","family":"Geus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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