{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:50:57Z","timestamp":1786747857550,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The anterior cerebral artery (ACA), a critical component of the cerebral arterial circle, exhibits substantial morphological variability. While previous studies have explored ACA morphology using cadaveric and imaging methods, a comprehensive meta-analysis incorporating the latest evidence is lacking. Methods: Following current guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed across four major databases, supplemented by the gray literature and targeted journal searches. Ninety-nine studies, encompassing 85,316 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were conducted using R, applying random effects models to estimate pooled prevalence and morphometric parameters. Results: The pooled prevalence of typical ACA morphology was 93.75%, whereas variants were noted in 6.25% of cases. The predominant variation identified was the accessory ACA (aACA) (1.99%), followed by unilateral absence of the A1 segment (1.78%), with the latter being more frequently recognized in imaging studies (p &lt; 0.0001). Rare variants encompassed azygos ACA (azACA) (0.22%), fenestrated ACA (fACA) (0.02%), and bihemispheric ACA (bACA) (0.02%). The mean diameter and length of the A1 segment were measured at 2.10 mm and 14.24 mm, respectively. Hypoplasia of the A1 segment (&lt;1 mm diameter) was recorded in 3.15% of cases. The influences of imaging modality, laterality, and population distribution on prevalence estimates were minimal. No significant publication bias was detected. Conclusions: Although infrequent, variants of the ACA possess significant clinical importance attributable to their correlation with aneurysm formation and the impairment of collateral circulation. The aACA and the absence of the A1 segment emerged as the most common variations. This meta-analysis presents an updated and high-quality synthesis of ACA morphology, serving as a valuable reference for clinicians and anatomists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15151893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T16:00:37Z","timestamp":1753718437000},"page":"1893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Morphological Variations of the Anterior Cerebral Artery: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of 85,316 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0122-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Triantafyllou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"\u201cVARIANTIS\u201d Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Anatomy, Masovian Academy in P\u0142ock, 09400 P\u0142ock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6221-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Paschopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6266-3250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Kamoutsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Papadopoulos-Manolarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Nikaia-Piraeus, 18454 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jose","family":"Valenzuela-Fuenzalida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2599-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Sanchis-Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giaval Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Bruna-Mejias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Geography, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valpara\u00edso 2360072, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Riveros-Vald\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Lientur 1457, Concepci\u00f3n 4080871, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0783-5700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos-Achilleas","family":"Arkoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Radiology and Medical Imaging, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Second Department of Radiology, General University Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Samolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Tsakotos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-8005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Piagkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"\u201cVARIANTIS\u201d Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Anatomy, Masovian Academy in P\u0142ock, 09400 P\u0142ock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-024-00818-x","article-title":"\u201cComplete\u201d Duplication of the Posterior Cerebral Artery: A Rare Variant Detected on Computed Tomography Angiography","volume":"100","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triantafyllou, G., Melissanidis, S., Olewnik, \u0141., Papanagiotou, P., Takato\u2019s, G., Zielinska, N., Vassiou, K., and Piagkou, M. (2024). A Bilateral Fetal Origin of the Posterior Cerebral Artery Coexisting with an Absent A1 Segment of the Anterior Cerebral Artery. Folia Morphol.","DOI":"10.5603\/fm.103246"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.24.257","article-title":"A Case of Occipital Artery Originating from the Vertebral Artery","volume":"58","author":"Tudose","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Standring, S., Anand, N., Birch, R., Collins, P., Crossman, A., Gleeson, M., Jawaheer, G., Smith, A., Spratt, J., and Stringer, M. (2016). Gray\u2019s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, Elsevier. [41st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tubbs, R.S., Shoja, M.M., and Loukas, M. (2016). Bergman\u2019s Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118430309"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-006-0110-3","article-title":"Anterior Cerebral Artery Variations Detected by MR Angiography","volume":"48","author":"Uchino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-024-03336-7","article-title":"The Anterior Communicating Artery Variants: A Meta-Analysis with a Proposed Classification System","volume":"46","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3892\/mi.2024.178","article-title":"Prevalence of ACA Variations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Fotakopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2015.12.002","article-title":"Methods of Evidence-Based Anatomy: A Guide to Conducting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis of Anatomical Studies","volume":"205","author":"Henry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triantafyllou, G., Papadopoulos-Manoralarakis, P., Tudose, R.C., Rusu, M.C., Tsakotos, G., and Piagkou, M. (2025). Prevalence of Suboccipital and Intradural Vertebral Artery Variants: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Neuroradiology, 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-025-03674-2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triantafyllou, G., Paschopoulos, I., Duparc, F., Tsakotos, G., Papadopoulos-Manolarakis, P., and Piagkou, M. (2025). The Anatomy of the Stylohyoid Chain: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15070925"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22799","article-title":"Development of the Anatomical Quality Assessment (AQUA) Tool for the Quality Assessment of Anatomical Studies Included in Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews","volume":"30","author":"Henry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000141","article-title":"A New Improved Graphical and Quantitative Method for Detecting Bias in Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Barendregt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid.-Based Healthc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1714","article-title":"LFK Index Does Not Reliably Detect Small-study Effects in Meta-analysis: A Simulation Study","volume":"15","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1159\/000149906","article-title":"The Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circulus Arteriosus Cerebri)","volume":"44","author":"Ardakani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(01)00103-2","article-title":"Perforating Branches of the Anomalous Anterior Communicating Complex","volume":"103","author":"Avci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.13.10.825","article-title":"Studies on the Arteries of the Brain","volume":"13","author":"Baptista","year":"1963","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-020-02509-4","article-title":"Radiological Classification of Azygos Anterior Cerebral Artery and Evaluation of the Accompanying Vascular Anomalies","volume":"42","author":"Beyhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-008-0340-7","article-title":"Intracranial Arterial Fenestrations: Frequency on CT Angiography and Association with Other Vascular Lesions","volume":"30","author":"Bharatha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e54800","article-title":"The Anatomical Variation of the Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery: An Angiographic Study in a Greek Population Sample","volume":"16","author":"Chrissicopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1159\/000099160","article-title":"Anterior Cerebral Artery A1 Segment Hypoplasia May Contribute to A1 Hypoplasia Syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Chuang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2017.1374348","article-title":"The Anatomical Variation of the Circulus Arteriosus Cerebri in a Cadaver Cohort Representing the Population Dynamics of the Western Cape","volume":"32","author":"Cilliers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"15005","article-title":"Anatomic Variations in the Anterior Circulation of the Circle of Willis in Cadaveric Human Brains","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.56314","article-title":"Prevalence of Typical Circle of Willis and the Variation in the Anterior Communicating Artery: A Study of a Sri Lankan Population","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.07.006","article-title":"Fetal Origin of Posterior Cerebral Artery Related to Poor Collaterals in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"68","author":"Dharmasaroja","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.47162\/RJME.63.2.10","article-title":"Anatomical Study of Circle of Willis on Fresh Autopsied Brains. A Study of a Romanian Population","volume":"63","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1976.44.3.0359","article-title":"Surgical Anatomy of the Proximal Anterior Cerebral Artery","volume":"44","author":"Dunker","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eftekhar, B., Dadmehr, M., Ansari, S., Ghodsi, M., Nazparvar, B., and Ketabchi, E. (2006). Are the Distributions of Variations of Circle of Willis Different in Different Populations?\u2014Results of an Anatomical Study and Review of Literature. BMC Neurol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-6-22"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"63.2","article-title":"The Circle of Willis: An Examination of 700 Specimens","volume":"40","author":"Fawcett","year":"1905","journal-title":"J. Anat. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2012.05.009","article-title":"Anatomical Variations of the Anterior Cerebral Arterial Circle Visualized by Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography: Comparison with 3D Rotational Angiography","volume":"40","author":"Niederberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"99","article-title":"The Circle of Willis: Anatomical Variations","volume":"2","author":"Fisher","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-021-02782-x","article-title":"An MRI Study of Typical Anatomical Variants of the Anterior Communicating Artery Complex","volume":"43","author":"Fredon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23794","article-title":"Variations of the Circle of Willis at the End of the Human Embryonic Period","volume":"301","author":"Furuichi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(86)90365-4","article-title":"Microanatomy of the Anterior Cerebral Artery","volume":"26","author":"Gomes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"249","article-title":"Variations of Anterior Cerebral Artery in Human Cadavers","volume":"18","author":"Gunnal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Asia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halama, D., Merkel, H., Werdehausen, R., Gaber, K., Schob, S., Qu\u00e4schling, U., Ziganshyna, S., Hoffmann, K.-T., Lindner, D., and Richter, C. (2022). Reference Values of Cerebral Artery Diameters of the Anterior Circulation by Digital Subtraction Angiography: A Retrospective Study. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102471"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-013-1082-8","article-title":"Display with 64-Detector MDCT Angiography of Cerebral Vascular Variations","volume":"35","author":"Hamidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2011.110223","article-title":"Accuracy of CT Angiography in the Assessment of the Circle of Willis: Comparison of Volume-Rendered Images and Digital Subtraction Angiography","volume":"52","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.112185","article-title":"Variations in the Anatomy of the Willis\u2032 Circle: A 3-Year Cross-Sectional Study from Iran (2006-2009). Are the Distributions of Variations of Circle of Willis Different in Different Populations? Result of an Anatomical Study and Review of Literature","volume":"4","author":"Hashemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1159\/000327213","article-title":"Hemodynamic Impact of Fetal-Variant Willisian Circle on Cerebral Circulation: A Duplex Ultrasonography Study","volume":"65","author":"Hong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00342389","article-title":"Incidence of Berry Aneurysms of the Unpaired Pericallosal Artery: Angiographic Study","volume":"19","author":"Huber","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"2423","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study of the Anatomical Variations of the Circle of Willis in Adult Human Brains","volume":"7","author":"Iqbal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"134","article-title":"Some Observations on the Anatomy of the Middle Cerebral Artery","volume":"7","author":"Jain","year":"1964","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022017000300049","article-title":"Anatomical Variants of Anterior Cerebral Arterial Circle: A Study by Multidetector Computerized 3D Tomographic Angiography","volume":"35","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20647","article-title":"Callosal Branches of the Anterior Cerebral Artery: An Anatomical Report","volume":"21","author":"Kahilogullari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"419","article-title":"Observations on the Length and Diameter of Vessels Forming the Circle of Willis","volume":"133","author":"Kamath","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3882","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2017.179","article-title":"Anatomical variations of anterior cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery: A cadaveric study","volume":"5","author":"Kannabathula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Anat. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-073X.2007.00216.x","article-title":"Variations in the Configuration of the Circle of Willis","volume":"83","author":"Kapoor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"54","article-title":"The Anatomy of Circulus Arteriosus Cerebri (Circle of Willis): A Study in Turkish Population","volume":"26","author":"Karatas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006055","article-title":"Morphological, Hemodynamic, and Clinical Independent Risk Factors for Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms","volume":"45","author":"Kaspera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.15.5.846","article-title":"Cerebral Aneurysms and Variations in the Circle of Willis","volume":"15","author":"Kayembe","year":"1984","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.111113","article-title":"Microsurgical Anatomy of the Anterior Cerebral Artery in Indian Cadavers","volume":"61","author":"Kedia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-015-0301-2","article-title":"A Multitude of Variations in the Configuration of the Circle of Willis: An Autopsy Study","volume":"91","author":"Rybicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"235","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Angiographic Study of Anatomic Variations of the Circle of Willis in a Population in Tehran","volume":"20","author":"Azemati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890265","article-title":"Intracranial Arterial Variations: A Comprehensive Evaluation Using CT Angiography","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.207.1.9530305","article-title":"Circle of Willis: Morphologic Variation on Three-Dimensional Time-of-Flight MR Angiograms","volume":"207","author":"Algra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.08.137","article-title":"Morphological Analysis of Cerebral Artery Fenestrations and Their Correlation with Intracranial Aneurysms","volume":"156","author":"Krystkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-014-1313-7","article-title":"Anatomical Variations of the Anterior Communicating Artery Complex: Gender Relationship","volume":"37","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"3","article-title":"Variation in the Flow and Branching of the Anterior and Middle Cerebral Arteries","volume":"57","author":"Ovcina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Arh."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.52.2.0162","article-title":"Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms with Associated Anomalies","volume":"52","author":"Kwak","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.01.004","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler Sonography Evaluation of Anterior Cerebral Artery Hypoplasia or Aplasia","volume":"231","author":"Kwon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.07.169","article-title":"The Relationship Between the Direction of Putaminal Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Anterior Cerebral Artery Predominance","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2008.03.008","article-title":"Microneurosurgical Management of Aneurysms at the A2 Segment of Anterior Cerebral Artery (Proximal Pericallosal Artery) and Its Frontobasal Branches","volume":"70","author":"Lehecka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.98.3.602","article-title":"The clinical significance of the azygos anterior cerebral artery (A.C.A.)","volume":"98","author":"Lemay","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.08.019","article-title":"Anatomical Variants of Anterior Communicating Artery Complex. A Study by Computerized Tomographic Angiography","volume":"80","author":"Alberdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"115","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Angiographic Evaluation of Circulus Arteriosus Cerebri (Circle of Willis): A Morphologic Study in 100 Human Healthy Subjects","volume":"101","author":"Macchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.23.162","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Assessment of Anomalies of Anterior Cerebral Artery in Adults","volume":"56","author":"Madkour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1724","article-title":"The Anatomic Variations of the Circle of Willis in Preterm-at-Term and Term-Born Infants: An MR Angiography Study at 3T","volume":"30","author":"Malamateniou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01809337","article-title":"Branches of the Anterior Communicating Artery","volume":"106","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"15","article-title":"Variations of the Anterior Cerebral Artery in Human Cadavers: A Dissection Study","volume":"53","author":"Paul","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anat. Soc. India"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.4.0629","article-title":"Intraoperative Anatomical Studies in Patients with Aneurysms of the Anterior Communicating Artery Complex","volume":"76","author":"Nathal","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"243","article-title":"Variations in the Brain Circulation\u2013the Circle of Willis","volume":"29","author":"Nordon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Morphol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-009-9055-0","article-title":"A Three-Dimensional Interactive Atlas of Cerebral Arterial Variants","volume":"7","author":"Nowinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2020.0142","article-title":"Anatomical Variations and Morphometric Properties of the Circulus Arteriosus Cerebri in a Cadaveric Malawian Population","volume":"80","author":"Nyasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.72.5.0706","article-title":"Vascular Anomalies Associated with Aneurysms of the Anterior Communicating Artery: Microsurgical Observations","volume":"72","author":"Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697562","article-title":"Cerebral Artery Hypoplasia in a Select Adult Kenyan Population","volume":"10","author":"Ogengo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural Pract."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"853","article-title":"Vascular Variations Associated with Intracranial Aneurysms","volume":"27","author":"Orakdogen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"3","article-title":"Anatomical Variations of the Arterial System of the Base of the Brain","volume":"46","author":"Ozaki","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nihon Geka Hokan"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezt103","article-title":"The Role of Willis Circle Variations during Unilateral Selective Cerebral Perfusion: A Study of 500 Circles\u2020","volume":"44","author":"Papantchev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1355576","article-title":"Prenatal Demonstration of Normal Variants of the Pericallosal Artery by 3D Ultrasound","volume":"35","author":"Pashaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med.-Eur. J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1978.49.2.0204","article-title":"Microsurgical Anatomy of the Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery","volume":"49","author":"Perlmutter","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091850112","article-title":"Variation in Form of Circle of Willis: Some Anatomical and Embryological Considerations","volume":"185","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, C., Zhang, Y., Xue, C., Jiang, S., and Zhang, W. (2015). MRA Study on Variation of the Circle of Willis in Healthy Chinese Male Adults. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/976340"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.104.1.109","article-title":"Roentgenographic anatomy of the pericallosal arteries","volume":"104","author":"RING","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022022000300632","article-title":"Variations of the Cerebral Arterial Circle. Morphological and Clinical Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Riveros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-024-03451-5","article-title":"Morphology and Morphometry of the Anterior Cerebral-Anterior Communicating Artery Complex","volume":"46","author":"Saha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-4025.297882","article-title":"Study of Variations of the Anterior Cerebral Artery in Human Brain","volume":"2","author":"Saikia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl. J. Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"675","article-title":"Fenestration of Intracranial Arteries with Special Attention to Associated Aneurysms and Other Anomalies","volume":"14","author":"Sanders","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199706000-00019","article-title":"Microsurgical Anatomy and Clinical Significance of the Anterior Communicating Artery and Its Perforating Branches","volume":"40","author":"Serizawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2018.0095","article-title":"Anatomical Variations and Dimensions of Arteries in the Anterior Part of the Circle of Willis","volume":"78","author":"Shatri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibiya, G., Omotoso, B.R., Harrichandparsad, R., and Lazarus, L. (2024). Exploring the Anatomical Configurations of the Cerebral Arteries in a Cohort of South African Patients. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56767-y"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"615","article-title":"Variations in Cerebral Arterial Circle of Willis in Adult Pakistani Population","volume":"23","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2010.06.010","article-title":"Impact of Anatomical Variations of the Circle of Willis on the Incidence of Aneurysms and Their Recurrence Rate Following Endovascular Treatment","volume":"65","author":"Songsaeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"166","article-title":"Study of variations in anterior cerebral artery in human cadavers","volume":"6","author":"Soundarya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Acad. Med. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2353(2000)13:4<231::AID-CA1>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Anatomic Variations of Anterior Cerebral Artery Cortical Branches","volume":"13","author":"Stefani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132013000100006","article-title":"Influence of the Gender on Cerebral Vascular Diameters Observed during the Magnetic Resonance Angiographic Examination of Willis Circle","volume":"56","author":"Stefani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"46","article-title":"Anatomic Features of Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Supply on Corpus Callosum: A Detailed Study on 140 Cerebral Hemispheres","volume":"29","author":"Swetha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1770","article-title":"Relationship between Variations in the Circle of Willis and Flow Rates in Internal Carotid and Basilar Arteries Determined by Means of Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Semiautomated Lumen Segmentation: Reference Data from 125 Healthy Volunteers","volume":"27","author":"Tanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2005.05.027","article-title":"Microsurgical Anatomy of the Anterior Communicating Artery Complex in Adult Chinese Heads","volume":"65","author":"Tao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6516","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2019.156","article-title":"Anatomic variants of the anterior part of the cerebral arterial circle: A cadaveric study","volume":"7","author":"Thenmozhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Anat. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(78)80038-9","article-title":"A Study of the Anatomy of the Anterior Communicating Artery with the Aid of the Operating Microscope","volume":"80","author":"Tulleken","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2005.07.049","article-title":"Arterial Vascularization of Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus)","volume":"64","author":"Ugur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.2.278","article-title":"A Neurosurgical View of Anatomical Variations of the Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery: An Anatomical Study","volume":"104","author":"Ugur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.6.0927","article-title":"Variability of the Territories of the Major Cerebral Arteries","volume":"77","author":"Hillen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1159\/000098326","article-title":"Anatomic Variations in the Circle of Willis in Patients with Symptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Assessed with Multidetector Row CT Angiography","volume":"23","author":"Waaijer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2012.00769.x","article-title":"Azygous Anterior Cerebral Artery and Associated Aneurysms: Detection and Identification Using 3-Dimensional Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography","volume":"24","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2020.101772","article-title":"Circle of Willis Abnormalities and Their Clinical Importance in Ageing Brains: A Cadaveric Anatomical and Pathological Study","volume":"106","author":"Wijesinghe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"289","article-title":"The Arteries Forming the Circle of Willis","volume":"22","author":"Windle","year":"1888","journal-title":"J. Anat. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.101.1.68","article-title":"Experience and result with postmortem cerebral angiography performed as routine procedure of the autopsy","volume":"101","author":"Wollschlaeger","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.08.027","article-title":"Anterior Cerebral Artery and Anterior Communicating Artery Variations: Assessment with Magnetic Resonance Angiography","volume":"155","author":"Toprak","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Fenestration of the Anterior Cerebral Artery Detected by Magnetic Resonance Angiography","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21036","article-title":"Three-dimensional Morphometry of the A2 Segment of the Anterior Cerebral Artery with Neurosurgical Relevance","volume":"23","author":"Gielecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-024-03380-3","article-title":"Triplicated Middle Cerebral Arteries (Duplicated and Ipsilateral Accessory) Associated with Triplicated Anterior Cerebral Arteries (Accessory) Diagnosed by Magnetic Resonance Angiography","volume":"46","author":"Uchino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"e3355","article-title":"A Median Artery of the Corpus Callosum","volume":"10","author":"Altafulla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-016-1646-5","article-title":"True Fenestration of the Anterior Communicating Artery Diagnosed by Magnetic Resonance Angiography","volume":"38","author":"Uchino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-016-1688-8","article-title":"Duplicate Origin of the Anterior Cerebral Artery Diagnosed by Magnetic Resonance Angiography: A Case Report","volume":"38","author":"Uchino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minc\u0103, D.I., Rusu, M.C., R\u0103doi, P.M., Hostiuc, S., and Toader, C. (2022). Transcallosal and Pericallosal Courses of the Anterior Cerebral Artery. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101365"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-024-03428-4","article-title":"Fenestration of the Anterior and Posterior Cerebral Arteries in Coexistence with a Contralateral Posterior Cerebral Artery of Fetal Origin","volume":"46","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triantafyllou, G., Papadopoulos-Manolarakis, P., Tsakotos, G., and Piagkou, M. (2025). Concurrent Fenestrations of the Basilar and Anterior Cerebral Arteries. J. Craniofac. Surg., 10\u20131097.","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000011514"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-022-02928-5","article-title":"Embryology of the Anterior Communicating Artery Complex: Implications on Possible Adult Variants","volume":"44","author":"Bonasia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-010-0743-0","article-title":"Persistent Primitive Olfactory Artery: MR Angiographic Diagnosis","volume":"33","author":"Uchino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-013-1239-5","article-title":"Persistent Primitive Olfactory Artery: CT Angiographic Diagnosis and Literature Review for Classification and Clinical Significance","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasovi\u0107, L., Trandafilovi\u0107, M., Vlajkovi\u0107, S., Jovanovi\u0107, I., and Ugrenovi\u0107, S. (2013). Persistent Primitive Olfactory Artery in Serbian Population. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/903460"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-021-02687-9","article-title":"Combined Rare Anatomic Variants: Persistent Primitive Olfactory Artery and Azygos Pericallosal Artery","volume":"43","author":"Rusu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-025-03647-3","article-title":"Concomitance of Persistent Primitive Olfactory Artery, Accessory Middle Cerebral, and Early Bifurcated Anterior Cerebral Arteries","volume":"47","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-011-0847-1","article-title":"Carotid\u2013Anterior Cerebral Artery Anastomosis on MR Angiography: A University Hospital-Based Study","volume":"54","author":"Uchino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography8050188","article-title":"The Infraoptic or Infrachiasmatic Course of the Anterior Cerebral Artery Emerging an Elongated Internal Carotid Artery","volume":"8","author":"Rusu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tomography"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/15\/1893\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:17:34Z","timestamp":1760033854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/15\/1893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15151893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15151893","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]}}}