{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1788211479295,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-002-180-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-002-180-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-002-114-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-002-114-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch","award":["NSTC 112-2314-B-002-134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2314-B-002-134"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch","award":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-208-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-208-MY2"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch","award":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-209-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-209-MY2"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch","award":["NSTC 114-2923-B-002-002-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2923-B-002-002-MY3"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-002-180-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-002-180-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-002-114-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-002-114-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 112-2314-B-002-134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2314-B-002-134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-208-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-208-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-209-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-209-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 114-2923-B-002-002-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2923-B-002-002-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-002-180-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-002-180-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-002-114-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-002-114-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2314-B-002-134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2314-B-002-134"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-208-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-208-MY2"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-209-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002-209-MY2"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 114-2923-B-002-002-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2923-B-002-002-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adhesive capsulitis is a painful and progressive condition marked by significant limitations in shoulder mobility, particularly affecting external rotation. Although magnetic resonance imaging is regarded as the reference standard for assessing intra-articular structures, its high cost and limited availability present challenges in routine clinical use. In contrast, musculoskeletal ultrasound has emerged as an accessible, real-time, and cost-effective imaging modality for both the diagnosis and treatment guidance of adhesive capsulitis. This narrative review compiles and illustrates current evidence regarding the role of ultrasound, encompassing static B-mode imaging, dynamic motion analysis, contrast-enhanced techniques, and sonoelastography. Key sonographic features\u2014such as thickening of the coracohumeral ligament, fibrosis in the axillary recess, and abnormal tendon kinematics\u2014have been consistently associated with adhesive capsulitis and demonstrate favorable diagnostic performance. Advanced methods like contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography provide additional functional insights (enabling evaluation of capsular stiffness and vascular changes) which may aid in disease staging and prediction of treatment response. Despite these advantages, the clinical utility of ultrasound remains subject to operator expertise and technical variability. Limited visualization of intra-articular structures and the absence of standardized scanning protocols continue to pose challenges. Nevertheless, ongoing advances in its technology and utility standardization hold promise for the broader application of ultrasound in clinical practice. With continued research and validation, ultrasound is positioned to play an increasingly central role in the comprehensive assessment and management of adhesive capsulitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15151924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T08:51:41Z","timestamp":1754038301000},"page":"1924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ultrasound in Adhesive Capsulitis: A Narrative Exploration from Static Imaging to Contrast-Enhanced, Dynamic and Sonoelastographic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7511-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10845, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-5651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke-Vin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10845, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wang-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7203-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamal","family":"Mezian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2576-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-474X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Consuelo B.","family":"Gonzalez-Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Health Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Manila 1016, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2713-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levent","family":"\u00d6z\u00e7akar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara 06100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.03.027","article-title":"Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder","volume":"41","author":"Mullen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, M.R. (2025). Adhesive capsulitis: Current concepts. Musculoskelet. Surg., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-025-00897-7"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Li, D., St Angelo, J.M., and Taqi, M. (2025). Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder), StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M.H., and Chen, W.S. (2024). A Narrative Review of Adhesive Capsulitis with Diabetes. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195696"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.04.004","article-title":"Shoulder adhesive capsulitis: Epidemiology and predictors of surgery","volume":"27","author":"Kingston","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2022.12.009","article-title":"Adhesive Capsulitis","volume":"34","author":"Leafblad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573216676786","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: Review of pathophysiology and current clinical treatments","volume":"9","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shoulder Elb."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274050-00013","article-title":"Frozen shoulder. A long-term follow-up","volume":"74","author":"Shaffer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picasso, R., Pistoia, F., Zaottini, F., Marcenaro, G., Miguel-P\u00e9rez, M., Tagliafico, A.S., and Martinoli, C. (2023). Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: Current Concepts on the Diagnostic Work-Up and Evidence-Based Protocol for Radiological Evaluation. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13223410"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-024-00891-y","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis: The importance of early diagnosis and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Vita","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murali, S., Ding, H., Adedeji, F., Qin, C., Obungoloch, J., Asllani, I., Anazodo, U., Ntusi, N.A.B., Mammen, R., and Niendorf, T. (2024). Bringing MRI to low- and middle-income countries: Directions, challenges and potential solutions. NMR Biomed., 37.","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4992"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, J., Zhou, X., Liu, Y., Liu, W.V., Luo, M., Gao, H., and Zhang, K. (2025). Magnetic resonance imaging features for diagnosing adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08592-1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.009","article-title":"Is routine magnetic resonance imaging necessary in patients with clinically diagnosed frozen shoulder? Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in frozen shoulder","volume":"6","author":"Dimitriou","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSES Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-025-00721-x","article-title":"Advances in Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for Assistive Diagnosis in Pain Clinics","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e172","DOI":"10.15557\/JoU.2023.0027","article-title":"Musculoskeletal ultrasound: A technical and historical perspective","volume":"23","author":"Adler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moleesaide, A., Saengsuwan, J., and Sirasaporn, P. (2024). Musculoskeletal ultrasound of the shoulder in patients with adhesive capsulitis. Biomed. Rep., 21.","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2024.1878"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, T., Inui, A., Mifune, Y., Nishimoto, H., Yoshikawa, T., Shinohara, I., Furukawa, T., Tanaka, S., Kusunose, M., and Kuroda, R. (2023). Dynamic Analysis of the Coracohumeral Ligament Using Ultra-Sonography in Shoulder Contracture. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23084015"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, X., Zhang, Z., Xuanyan, G., Li, T., Li, J., Yin, L., and Lu, M. (2017). Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: Evaluation With US-Arthrography Using a Sonographic Contrast Agent. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05491-x"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-006-0136-y","article-title":"Ultrasound in adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: Is assessment of the coracohumeral ligament a valuable diagnostic tool?","volume":"35","author":"Homsi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e99","article-title":"Optimal Cut-Off Value of the Coracohumeral Ligament Area as a Morphological Parameter to Confirm Frozen Shoulder","volume":"35","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-2430","article-title":"The role of grey-scale ultrasound in the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.07.003","article-title":"Ultrasound Features for the Diagnosis of Adhesive Capsulitis\/Frozen Shoulder: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Clarke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"210","article-title":"Frozen shoulder: Unravelling the enigma","volume":"79","author":"Bunker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B5.7559688","article-title":"The pathology of frozen shoulder. A Dupuytren-like disease","volume":"77","author":"Bunker","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150316","article-title":"Immunolocalization of cytokines and their receptors in adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder","volume":"15","author":"Rodeo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.06.014","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines are overexpressed in the subacromial bursa of frozen shoulder","volume":"22","author":"Lho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-24-39","article-title":"A preliminary study of contrast-enhanced ultrasound guided capsule-preserving hydrodilatation in shoulder adhesive capsulitis","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-2874-2","article-title":"Thickening of the inferior glenohumeral capsule: An ultrasound sign for shoulder capsular contracture","volume":"23","author":"Michelin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-005-0957-0","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis: Sonographic changes in the rotator cuff interval with arthroscopic correlation","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e33069","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis: Preliminary Experience","volume":"14","author":"Ahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/JMU.JMU_103_18","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Frozen Shoulder","volume":"27","author":"Mezian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001833","article-title":"EURO-MUSCULUS\/USPRM Dynamic Ultrasound Protocols for Shoulder","volume":"101","author":"Ricci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1993.12.8.445","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder joint: Usefulness of dynamic sonography","volume":"12","author":"Ryu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-017-0262-5","article-title":"Sonography in diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: A case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Tandon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-4516","article-title":"Humerus-acromion angle model: A novel dynamic ultrasound technique for assessing shoulder mobility in adhesive capsulitis","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150888","article-title":"Elasticity of the Coracohumeral Ligament in Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder","volume":"278","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2018.0918","article-title":"Shear-Wave and Strain Ultrasound Elastography of the Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus Tendons in Patients with Idiopathic Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: A Prospective Case-Control Study","volume":"20","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2019.0737","article-title":"Strain Ratio of Ultrasound Elastography for the Evaluation of Tendon Elasticity","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07059-2","article-title":"Utility of sonoelastography for the evaluation of rotator cuff tendon and pertinent disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Chiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.11.007","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Corticosteroid Dosages for Ultrasound-Guided Glenohumeral Joint Hydrodilatation in Adhesive Capsulitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J.C., Tsai, P.Y., Hsu, P.C., Huang, J.R., Wang, K.A., Chou, C.L., and Chang, K.V. (2021). Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodilatation With Triamcinolone Acetonide for Adhesive Capsulitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Posterior Glenohumeral Recess and the Rotator Cuff Interval Approaches. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.686139"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W.T., Chang, K.V., Han, D.S., Chang, C.H., Yang, F.S., and Lin, C.P. (2017). Effectiveness of Glenohumeral Joint Dilatation for Treatment of Frozen Shoulder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10895-w"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, H., Wu, Q., Zhou, Y., Fan, X., Zheng, K., Si, T., and Zhao, J. (2022). A retrospective study of ultrasound-guided intervention for frozen shoulder in the frozen stage. Front. Surg., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.998590"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.15557\/JoU.2024.0018","article-title":"Measures of acromiohumeral distance with wireless ultrasound machine in subacromial impingement syndrome: An inter-machine reliability study","volume":"24","author":"Dede","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-024-00894-9","article-title":"Ultrasound definition of subacromial chronic \u201cfibro-adhesive\u201d bursitis and its treatment via ultrasound guided hydrodilation: A prospective pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Stella","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-023-04392-7","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided hydrodilatation for adhesive capsulitis: Capsule-preserving versus capsule-rupturing technique","volume":"53","author":"Pimenta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15734056338176","DOI":"10.2174\/0115734056338176241126051407","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of Ultrasound-guided Hydrodilatation of Glenohumeral Joint Combined with Corticosteroid Injection in Patients with Frozen Shoulder","volume":"21","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Hu, Y., Xiong, M., Kang, Y., Liu, J., Fang, M., and Chen, L. (2025). Short-term efficacy of ultrasound-guided capsule-preserving hydrodilatation for primary frozen shoulder using 5% dextrose water vs. corticosteroid: A randomized controlled trial. J. Shoulder Elb. Surg., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2025.04.024"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/17581869.2024.2435803","article-title":"A team approach to adhesive capsulitis with ultrasound guided hydrodilatation: A retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Dakkak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000001228","article-title":"Targeting the Sweet Spot: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Anterior Versus Posterior Glenohumeral Joint Injections for Adhesive Capsulitis","volume":"35","author":"Rhim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/15\/1924\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:19:39Z","timestamp":1760033979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/15\/1924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15151924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15151924","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]}}}