{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:59Z","timestamp":1760060159485,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE), Malaysia, through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/ICT02\/UNIMAP\/02\/3","1001\/PPSP\/8070016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/ICT02\/UNIMAP\/02\/3","1001\/PPSP\/8070016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/ICT02\/UNIMAP\/02\/3","1001\/PPSP\/8070016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/ICT02\/UNIMAP\/02\/3","1001\/PPSP\/8070016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and demands precise segmentation and classification of nuclei for effective diagnosis and disease severity assessment. This study aims to evaluate the performance of HoVerNet, a deep learning model, for nuclei segmentation and classification in CMYC-stained whole slide images and to assess its integration into a user-friendly diagnostic tool. Methods: A dataset of 122 CMYC-stained whole slide images (WSIs) was used. Pre-processing steps, including stain normalization and patch extraction, were applied to improve input consistency. HoVerNet, a multi-branch neural network, was used for both nuclei segmentation and classification, particularly focusing on its ability to manage overlapping nuclei and complex morphological variations. Model performance was validated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Additionally, a graphic user interface (GUI) was developed to incorporate automated segmentation, cell counting, and severity assessment functionalities. Results: HoVerNet achieved a validation accuracy of 82.5%, with a precision of 85.3%, recall of 82.6%, and an F1 score of 83.9%. The model showed powerful performance in differentiating overlapping and morphologically complex nuclei. The developed GUI enabled real-time visualization and diagnostic support, enhancing the efficiency and usability of DLBCL histopathological analysis. Conclusions: HoVerNet, combined with an integrated GUI, presents a promising approach for streamlining DLBCL diagnostics through accurate segmentation and real-time visualization. Future work will focus on incorporating Vision Transformers and additional staining protocols to improve generalizability and clinical utility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15151958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T15:30:06Z","timestamp":1754321406000},"page":"1958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced HoVerNet Optimization for Precise Nuclei Segmentation in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9106-5068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gei Ki","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3845-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chee Chin","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Sport Engineering Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3899-8833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faezahtul Arbaeyah","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8486-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi Wei","family":"Oung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Communication Engineering (ACE) Centre of Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aidy Irman","family":"Yajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumayyah","family":"Mohammad Azmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5634-3027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen Fook","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Engineering Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lymphoma Research Foundation (2024, July 31). 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[4th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/15\/1958\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:23:03Z","timestamp":1760034183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/15\/1958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15151958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15151958","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]}}}