{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:58:21Z","timestamp":1783612701963,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005378","name":"Hacettepe University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05 D11 105 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05 D11 105 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Acute spinal cord trauma management necessitates understanding the primary and secondary injury mechanisms at different timepoints. Objectives: To characterize the cell death process by examining the temporal and spatial distributions of necrosis and apoptosis in an experimental spinal cord injury model. Methods: Wistar male rats were divided into trauma (n = 30) and sham (n = 6) groups, and a 50 g\/cm weight drop contusion design was used. The rats were sacrificed 1, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after the injury. Every 0.5 cm spinal cord segment was examined cranially and caudally up to a total of 2.5 cm for neuronal and glial damage via the apoptotic count and DNA damage index via morphology and immunohistochemistry using an anti-ssDNA antibody. The results were mapped to visualize the damage extent, intensity, and distribution. Results: The central zone underwent hemorrhage and necrosis one hour after the injury. The apoptotic cells and DNA damage index increased with time (p &lt; 0.001), and specific spatial alterations were observed among the segments (p &lt; 0.001). Mapping the apoptotic cells and DNA damage clearly reflected the injury\u2019s severity and extent. Conclusion: The DNA damage and the apoptotic cell count increase over time were well correlated with the morphology and could easily be elucidated using ssDNA immunostaining.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15162067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T13:28:22Z","timestamp":1755523702000},"page":"2067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Temporal and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Necrotic and Apoptotic Cells in and Around the Spinal Cord Injury Site"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0153-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selim","family":"Ayhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara 06490, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara 06100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gokhan","family":"Bozkurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara 06100, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Istanbul 34457, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atilla","family":"Akbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara 06100, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Bayindir Sogutozu Hospital, Ankara 06530, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutlu","family":"Hayran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Oncology, Hacettepe University Institute of Oncology, Ankara 06100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0236-6535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu 433-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Yasui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute and Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masato","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama Rosai Hospital, Okayama 702-8055, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0136-4271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse","family":"Ayhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu 433-8558, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute and Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan"},{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Female Reproductive Cancer, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.21037\/jss-21-37","article-title":"Influence of psychosocial and sociodemographic factors in the surgical management of traumatic cervicothoracic spinal cord injury at level I and II trauma centers in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Hagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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