{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:15:16Z","timestamp":1788542116271,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation","award":["E-26\/201.166\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.166\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Donald P. Goldstein, MD Trophoblastic Tumor Registry Endowment","award":["E-26\/201.166\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.166\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Dyett Family Trophoblastic Disease Research and Registry Endowment","award":["E-26\/201.166\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.166\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Keith Higgins and the Andrea S. Higgins Research Fund","award":["E-26\/201.166\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.166\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydatidiform mole is a trophoblastic disorder resulting from abnormal fertilization. Diagnosis is established through a combination of clinical findings, elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels, and characteristic features on transvaginal ultrasound. Timely and accurate diagnosis is essential for initiating prompt treatment and preventing medical complications. Uterine evacuation, preferably via vacuum aspiration, is the treatment of choice due to its high efficacy and safety profile. Adjunctive techniques, such as hysteroscopy and intraoperative ultrasonography, enhance the safety and effectiveness of uterine evacuation and should be available to patients, especially at specialized referral centers equipped to manage this diagnosis. In selected cases, particularly in women with fulfilled reproductive goals or those at a high risk of developing post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), total abdominal hysterectomy is appropriate. Postoperative follow-up with serial measurements of hCG is essential for monitoring remission and for the early detection of post-molar GTN, which develops in approximately 20% of cases of complete molar pregnancies and 1\u20134% of partial molar pregnancies. This article provides a comprehensive review of the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole and the surgical techniques employed in the treatment of this condition, emphasizing individualized care and the use of appropriate surgical strategies to treat complications associated with this trophoblastic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15162068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T13:28:22Z","timestamp":1755523702000},"page":"2068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Hydatidiform Mole"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2942-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Braga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22240-003, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niter\u00f3i 24070-090, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, University of Vassouras, Vassouras 27700-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4455-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, University of Vassouras, Vassouras 27700-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1497-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manisha","family":"Asrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Trophoblastic Disease Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Pereira","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, University of Vassouras, Vassouras 27700-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6573-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue Yazaki","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Araujo J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosiane","family":"Mattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joffre","family":"Amim Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22240-003, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2193-3374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Rezende-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22240-003, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil S.","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Trophoblastic Disease Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross S.","family":"Berkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Trophoblastic Disease Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, 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