{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:46:26Z","timestamp":1791229586948,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In recent decades, dermatological diagnostics have undergone a profound transformation, driven by the integration of new technologies alongside traditional methods. Classic techniques such as the Tzanck smear, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, and Wood\u2019s lamp examination remain fundamental in everyday clinical practice due to their simplicity, speed, and accessibility. At the same time, the development of non-invasive imaging technologies and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) have opened new frontiers in the early detection and monitoring of both neoplastic and inflammatory skin diseases. Methods: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how conventional and emerging diagnostic tools can be integrated into dermatologic practice. Results: We examined a broad spectrum of diagnostic methods currently used in dermatology, ranging from traditional techniques to advanced approaches such as digital dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), line-field confocal OCT (LC-OCT), 3D total body imaging systems with AI integration, mobile applications, electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and multispectral imaging. Each method is discussed in terms of diagnostic accuracy, clinical applications, and potential limitations. While traditional methods continue to play a crucial role\u2014especially in resource-limited settings or for immediate bedside decision-making\u2014modern tools significantly enhance diagnostic precision. Dermoscopy and its digital evolution have improved the accuracy of melanoma and basal cell carcinoma detection. RCM and LC-OCT allow near-histological visualization of skin structures, reducing the need for invasive procedures. AI-powered platforms support lesion tracking and risk stratification, though their routine implementation requires further clinical validation and regulatory oversight. Tools like EIS and multispectral imaging may offer additional value in diagnostically challenging cases. An effective diagnostic approach in dermatology should rely on a thoughtful combination of methods, selected based on clinical suspicion and guided by Bayesian reasoning. Conclusions: Rather than replacing traditional tools, advanced technologies should complement them\u2014optimizing diagnostic accuracy, improving patient outcomes, and supporting more individualized, evidence-based care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15162100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T15:53:37Z","timestamp":1755705217000},"page":"2100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Advancements in Diagnosis of Neoplastic and Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Old and Emerging Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Serena","family":"Federico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5014-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fortunato","family":"Cassalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4575-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcodomenico","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCSS, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2862-8014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Del Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCSS, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9803-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"Ferrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Cl\u00ednic per a la Recerca Biom\u00e8dica (FCRB), Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Malvehy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2882-025X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irma","family":"Trilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2622-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Claudia","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Cl\u00ednic per a la Recerca Biom\u00e8dica (FCRB), Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0325-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Cazzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4792-3545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ingravallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ardig\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9495-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Piscazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0367-4","article-title":"Noninvasive Imaging Tools in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Cancers","volume":"19","author":"Bakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. 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