{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T23:10:03Z","timestamp":1787699403570,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82373694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82373694"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNRC001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BECA23111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BECA23111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMU2021YJ030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2021YJ030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["82373694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82373694"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["2023QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNRC001"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["BECA23111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BECA23111"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["BMU2021YJ030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2021YJ030"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Education Science Planning Program during the 14th Five-Year Plan","award":["82373694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82373694"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Education Science Planning Program during the 14th Five-Year Plan","award":["2023QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNRC001"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Education Science Planning Program during the 14th Five-Year Plan","award":["BECA23111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BECA23111"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Education Science Planning Program during the 14th Five-Year Plan","award":["BMU2021YJ030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2021YJ030"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82373694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82373694"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNRC001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BECA23111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BECA23111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMU2021YJ030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2021YJ030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study investigated the association between paternal preconception paternal body mass index (BMI) categories and physical\/neurodevelopmental outcomes in Chinese small-for-gestational-age (SGA) children. Methods: A prospective cohort study enrolled 412 singleton SGA infants born at Peking University People\u2019s Hospital in 2020\u20132022. Fathers were stratified into underweight, normal-weight, overweight, and obese groups. Follow-up assessments at 24\u201336 months evaluated growth parameters weight, height, BMI Z-scores and neurodevelopment using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3) and ASQ: Social\u2013Emotional (ASQ:SE). Multivariable regression was adjusted for paternal covariates. Results: In SGA offspring, paternal underweight correlated with lower birth weights vs. normal\/obese paternal BMI and the highest severe SGA rates. Prospective monitoring identified elevated BMI Z-scores (\u0394Z = +0.40) and 8.7-fold heightened obesity risk in the paternal obesity group versus normal-weight counterparts. Neurodevelopmental evaluations demonstrated gross motor impairments in both underweight (\u0394Z = \u22120.22) and obese paternal subgroups (\u0394Z = \u22120.25) compared with the normal-weight group, with the obesity cohort additionally exhibiting problem-solving deficiencies (\u0394Z = \u22120.19). The paternal obesity group manifested three-fold greater likelihood of social\u2013emotional delays than the normal-weight group. The underweight and obese paternal groups showed 3.46-fold and 2.73-fold higher probabilities of gross motor deficits, respectively, while obesity was linked to 3.27-fold elevated problem-solving impairment risk-all comparisons versus normal paternal BMI. Overweight status showed no significant links to growth or neurodevelopmental outcomes. Normal-weight fathers had lower risks of obesity and neurodevelopmental issues. Conclusions: This study revealed U-shaped paternal BMI\u2013neurodevelopment links in SGA offspring. Paternal obesity raised offspring obesity\/neurodevelopmental risks, while underweight linked to severe SGA and motor deficits, highlighting paternal weight optimization\u2019s modifiable role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15172133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:09:32Z","timestamp":1756080572000},"page":"2133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations Between Paternal Body Mass Index and Neurodevelopmental\u2013Physical Outcomes in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2860-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yimin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuming","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9475-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0405-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaorui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Idueta, L., Yargawa, J., Blencowe, H., Bradley, E., Okwaraji, Y.B., Pingray, V., Gibbons, L., Gordon, A., Warrilow, K., and Paixao, E.S. 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