{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:55:11Z","timestamp":1789055711355,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Pain, anxiety, and distress are common yet frequently insufficiently managed issues for patients undergoing radiology and radiotherapy procedures. Immersive technologies, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), are emerging as innovative non-pharmacological approaches to alleviate such burdens through engaging interventions. This review, combining scoping and narrative methodologies, seeks to examine the current application, efficacy, and integration of these technologies to enhance patient care and wellbeing within diagnostic and oncological environments. Methods: Employing a mixed scoping and narrative review approach, this study conducted a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (no date restrictions\u2014search included studies up to May 2025) to identify relevant studies utilizing VR, AR, MR, or XR for mitigating pain, anxiety, or distress in patients undergoing radiology or radiotherapy. Two independent reviewers selected eligible papers, with data extracted systematically. The narrative analysis supplemented the scoping review by providing contextual insights into clinical relevance and technological challenges. Results: The screening process identified 76 articles, of which 27 were assessed for eligibility and 14 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies focused on oncology and primarily employed VR as the immersive technology. VR has shown promising effects in reducing anxiety and pain\u2014particularly during radiotherapy sessions and invasive procedures\u2014and in supporting patient education through engaging, immersive experiences, making it a valuable approach meriting further investigation. Patient acceptance was notably high, especially among those with elevated distress levels. However, findings in radiology were less consistent, likely due to shorter procedure durations limiting the effectiveness of VR. The variability in outcomes highlights the importance of tailoring immersive interventions to specific procedures and patient needs. The narrative component identified key barriers, such as regulatory hurdles, standardization issues, and implementation challenges, that need addressing for broader clinical adoption. Conclusions: Immersive digital therapeutics are evolving from preliminary research tools toward more structured incorporation into clinical practice. Their future success relies on harmonizing technological advancements with patient-focused design and robust clinical evidence. Achieving this will require collaborative efforts among researchers, industry stakeholders, and healthcare providers. The integration of scoping and narrative review methods in this study offers a comprehensive perspective on the current landscape and informs strategic directions for advancing immersive technologies in radiology and radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15172174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:49:34Z","timestamp":1756309774000},"page":"2174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Mixed Scoping and Narrative Review of Immersive Technologies Applied to Patients for Pain, Anxiety, and Distress in Radiology and Radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3600-9213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Lastrucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Professions, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Iosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Professions, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7007-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Busto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Wandael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Professions, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6798-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Professions, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro TISP, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4787-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, Ravenna AUSL, 48121 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0215-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Pirrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro TISP, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9880-8387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isacco","family":"Desideri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cM. Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renzo","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Professions, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Livi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cM. 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