{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:41:58Z","timestamp":1789684918841,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, most frequently arising from the choroid, followed by the ciliary body and iris. Its diagnosis and management require precise characterization of tumor morphology, localization, and associated complications to optimize visual and systemic outcomes. Recent advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT), anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA) have expanded the ophthalmologist\u2019s ability to non-invasively visualize structural and vascular changes associated with this disease. In fact, enhanced depth imaging (EDI) and swept-source (SS) OCT can provide detailed views of deep ocular structures, enabling early detection of hallmark features such as subretinal fluid, retinal pigment epithelium disruption, and dome- or mushroom-shaped choroidal elevations; AS-OCT improves evaluation of lesions of the anterior segment, revealing iris architecture distortion and angle involvement; OCTA facilitates the visualization of abnormal tumor vasculature and detection of radiation-induced microvascular changes, including capillary dropout and foveal avascular zone enlargement. Moreover, these imaging modalities have demonstrated utility in differentiating uveal melanoma from pseudomelanomas, such as choroidal nevi, hemangiomas, and metastases. The present review aims at objectively assessing the use of OCT and OCTA in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of ocular melanoma, emphasizing their crucial role in identifying pathologic biomarkers of this potentially fatal ocular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15192421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:48:37Z","timestamp":1758635317000},"page":"2421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Uveal Melanoma: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Troisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Ophthalmologic Unit, University Hospital of Salerno, 84100 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Unit, Luigi Curto Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Salerno, 84035 Polla, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0956-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Lixi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Universit\u00e0 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela Madalina","family":"Timofte Zorila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Cai Ferate Clinical Hospital, 1 Garabet Ibraileanu Street, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Abbinante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Unit, Luigi Curto Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Salerno, 84035 Polla, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Unit, Luigi Curto Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Salerno, 84035 Polla, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assem","family":"Namazbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Eye Research Institute, Tole Bi Street 95a, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginevra Giovanna","family":"Adamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto 35, 44121 Ferarra, Italy"},{"name":"Sant\u2019Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-6366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Coco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0869-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Cuccu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Universit\u00e0 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Giannaccare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Universit\u00e0 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S89591","article-title":"Uveal melanoma: Epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of primary disease","volume":"11","author":"Krantz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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