{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:11:28Z","timestamp":1759191088928,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL) is increasingly recognized as a possible radiological indicator of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and visceral adiposity. However, the precise relationship between visceral adiposity and the accumulation of epidural fat (EF) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and EF thickness using quantitative MRI analyses. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all MRI scans performed at our institution over a 7-month period, from May to November 2024. Two radiologists measured and recorded the VAT maximum antero-posterior diameter at the L3 level, EF maximum diameter at the L5-S1 level, spinal canal antero-posterior diameter at the L5-S1 level, and subcutaneous fat (SF) when included in the MRI images (at the L3 level) in all the MRI scans. Results: A cohort of 516 patients was collected (320 women and 196 men; mean age 57.31 \u00b1 18.45 years old). In 508 patients (98.4%) SF and VAT were both measurable, while in 8 patients VAT only was assessable on MRI scans. Pearson correlation identified significant associations between EF and VAT thickness (correlation coefficient &gt; 20%; p &lt; 0.05). A linear regression model confirmed a significant, albeit modest, positive relationship between VAT and EF (R2 = 5.4%). A multivariate regression model incorporating age, sex, spinal canal size, VAT, and SF improved the explanatory power (adjusted R2 = 16.7%), with VAT, spinal canal diameter, and age emerging as significant predictors of EF (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Our study revealed in a large cohort of patients that EF and VAT are directly associated. On the other hand, SF resulted in not being associated with EF. These findings support the emerging concept that SEL can be a radiological phenotype of visceral obesity and, by extension, of MS. Integrating EF measurement into standard MRI interpretation may facilitate the early detection of SEL and offer additional insights into patients\u2019 underlying metabolic profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15192490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:01:39Z","timestamp":1759154499000},"page":"2490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spinal Epidural Fat as an Imaging Biomarker of Visceral Obesity: An MRI-Based Quantitative Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6440-3090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Marrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6545-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Bilancia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3766-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5456-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Ponti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7402-4054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Salamanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0098-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amandine","family":"Cromb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Gustave Roussy Institute, 94800 Villejuif, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6060-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Spinnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, X., Tham, Y.C., Giuffr\u00e8, M., Ranisch, R., Daher, M., Lam, K., Eriksen, A.V., Hsu, C.W., Ozaki, A., and de Moraes, F.Y. 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