{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T09:41:14Z","timestamp":1759484474457,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The Macklin effect recently demonstrated a high positive predictive value for barotrauma in the COVID-19 ARDS population. However, there was less evidence available regarding the ARDS population without SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aim to analyze COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ARDS subjects to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the Macklin effect in predicting the development of barotrauma in both groups. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed subjects with ARDS admitted to our center from January 2018 to November 2022. Experienced radiologists examined the presence of the Macklin effect on chest computed tomography scans. Subjects were then divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of the Macklin effect to assess its predictive power regarding barotrauma. Finally, we analyzed the impact of the Macklin effect and barotrauma on Intensive Care Unit and in-hospital mortality. Results: We analyzed 225 patients; the Macklin effect was observed in 44 subjects. In our cohort, the Macklin effect exhibited a sensitivity of 44.6% and a specificity of 90.6% in predicting barotrauma. After excluding the COVID-19 ARDS cases, the Macklin effect showed a sensitivity of 34.7% and a specificity of 93.6%. Nonetheless, in our population, the presence of the Macklin effect or the occurrence of barotrauma did not lead to increased ICU or in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: Our analysis highlighted that the Macklin effect demonstrates high specificity in predicting barotrauma but a low sensitivity; moreover, the development of barotrauma did not impact mortality, possibly due to the exclusion of mild to moderate ARDS and the inclusion of a significant number of ECMO recipients. Finally, the Macklin effect appears early during ARDS and may serve as an early indicator of lung frailty, potentially becoming an additional criterion for referral to centers for advanced ARDS treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15192514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T09:22:47Z","timestamp":1759483367000},"page":"2514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Predictive Power of Barotrauma from the Macklin Effect in the ARDS Population: A Comparison of COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 ARDS\u2014Could the Macklin Effect Serve as a Helpful Tool for Evaluating Transfer to ARDS Reference Centers?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8100-3304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Marabotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3408-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Pelagatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Frezzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Radiology, University Hospital Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Albanesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Radiology, University Hospital Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5978-845X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Galluzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Radiology, University Hospital Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Valletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Arianna","family":"Sorrentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7185-6397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cardoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ciapetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0131-4450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Lazzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Peris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Bonizzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","article-title":"Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries","volume":"315","author":"Bellani","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5152-6","article-title":"Resolved versus Confirmed ARDS after 24 h: Insights from the LUNG SAFE Study","volume":"44","author":"Madotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208707","article-title":"Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury","volume":"369","author":"Slutsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. 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