{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:02:49Z","timestamp":1785884569938,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The objective of this study was to clarify the connection between BTX-A injections and local changes in skin temperature and to assess the correlation between post-BTX-A injection facial vascular hyperthermia and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT) in the frontal area using thermography. Methods: The study involved 30 patients (mean age 42 \u00b1 0.5 years; 18 women, 12 men). Facial skin temperature was measured via thermography (Thermo GEAR G30) before, immediately after, and 20 min after subcutaneous injection of BTX-A with hemagglutinin complex, gelatin (6 mg), and maltose monohydrate (12 mg). SAT development was graded by combined visual-palpation assessment. Statistical analysis included Student\u2019s t-test and the Mann\u2013Whitney U-test. Results: Biphasic thermal response: immediately post-injection: Significant decrease in min (\u22121.1 \u00b0C) and mean (\u22120.3 \u00b0C) facial temperatures (p &lt; 0.05); 20 min post-injection: pronounced increase in mean (+1.5 \u00b0C), max (+1.3 \u00b0C), and min (+1.6 \u00b0C) temperatures (p &lt; 0.001), attributed to BTX-A-induced vasodilation and local inflammation. Subjects with pronounced SAT exhibited significantly higher baseline temperatures (Me = 33.1 \u00b0C vs. 29.8 \u00b0C; p &lt; 0.001) and more intense hyperthermic responses (+1.6 \u00b0C mean increase vs. +1.1 \u00b0C in low-SAT group; p &lt; 0.001). Pronounced SAT was predominantly female (10\/15; p &lt; 0.05) and linked to higher BMI (33.3% overweight vs. 0% in low-SAT; *p = 0.036*). Conclusions: SAT thickness is a key determinant of post-BTX-A vascular hyperthermia, with pronounced SAT predicting stronger reactions. Practical Recommendation: Targeted local hypothermia (+4 \u00b0C to +8 \u00b0C for 5\u20137 min post-injection, adjustable by SAT thickness) mitigates hyperemia, edema, hematoma risk, and potential toxin diffusion, especially in high-SAT individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15192519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T11:42:49Z","timestamp":1759750969000},"page":"2519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Botulinum Therapy Based on the Anthropometric Characteristics of the Face Using Non-Invasive Thermal Imaging Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Olesya","family":"Kytko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuriy","family":"Vasil\u2019ev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Lab, MIREA\u2014Russian Technological University, 125993 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Emelyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LLC \u201cU Clinic\u201d, 400074 Volgograd, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4238-1038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniy","family":"Kutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Sarmadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4013-0162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Trofimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Kondrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LLC Beauty and Health Center \u201cETIKA\u201d, 129344 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0023-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Moiseenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1273-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Dydykin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-9754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Rebrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04260-2","article-title":"Trends in Surgical and Nonsurgical Aesthetic Procedures: A 14-Year Analysis of the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery-ISAPS","volume":"48","author":"Triana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. 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