{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:47:25Z","timestamp":1760060845282,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a rare but serious post-acute hyperinflammatory condition that occurs in children 2\u20136 weeks after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or exposure, varies between countries. Despite its serious nature, most children recover without any sequelae. The most frequently reported long-term sequelae are coronary artery aneurysms. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile, clinical characteristics (including cardiac manifestations), treatment, and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) under 14 years of age with SARS-CoV-2 between February 2020 and November 2021 in Kuwait. Methods: Data on sociodemographic factors, co-morbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory and echocardiography findings were retrieved from the Pediatric COVID registry (PCR-Q8 registry). Results: Of the one hundred and two patients with a provisional diagnosis of MIS-C, eighty-three patients fulfilled the WHO criteria of MIS-C. Thirty-nine of the MIS-C patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, and only one child died due to cardiogenic shock. Sixteen patients from the pediatric MIS-C cohort were diagnosed with cardiac abnormalities. Sixteen patients from the pediatric MIS-C cohort were diagnosed with cardiac abnormalities. Most (63% (10\/16)) of the patients had coronary abnormalities, nine patients (56%) had myocardial dysfunction, and six patients (38%) had dual pathologies. Pericarditis occurred in three patients only, whilst six patients (38%) had dual pathologies. Pericarditis occurred in three patients only. Conclusions: MIS-C appears to affect younger children in Kuwait than in other countries; however, the clinical pattern is consistent with other countries. Further studies of an analytical nature are recommended to identify the risk factors associated with MIS-C and its cardiac sequalae to allow for proactive risk reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15192545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:31Z","timestamp":1760028871000},"page":"2545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence, Clinical Profile, and Cardiac Manifestations of MIS-C in Children in Kuwait"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8076-0453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozayr","family":"Mahomed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"},{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Alhadlaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chest Disease Hospital, Kuwait City 70001, Kuwait"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Farwaniya Hospital, P.O. Box 13373, Farwaniya 81004, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Alsaeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Alsaqabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fouzeyah","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saja","family":"Al-Shammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Farwaniya Hospital, P.O. Box 13373, Farwaniya 81004, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Al-Yaqoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Farwaniya Hospital, P.O. Box 13373, Farwaniya 81004, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al-Daihani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Farwaniya Hospital, P.O. Box 13373, Farwaniya 81004, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0179-1716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulla","family":"Alfraij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Farwaniya Hospital, P.O. Box 13373, Farwaniya 81004, Kuwait"},{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, General Ahmadi Hospital, Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), Al-Ahmadi P.O. Box 9758, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Alafasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Farwaniya Hospital, P.O. Box 13373, Farwaniya 81004, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mafaza","family":"Al-Qallaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Amiri Hospital, P.O. Box 4077, Safat 13041, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Al-Hajeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Adan Hospital, P.O. Box 46969, Fahaheel 64020, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Al-Mutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City 70001, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Alenezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Jahra Hospital, Al-Jahra 00042, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaimaa","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Jahra Hospital, Al-Jahra 00042, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Al-Sarraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, P.O. Box 43787, Hawalli 32052, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4613-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia","family":"Al-Abdulrazzaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6652-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hessa","family":"Al-Kandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 5, Safat 13001, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31094-1","article-title":"Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"395","author":"Riphagen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.05.076","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19","volume":"49","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. 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