{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:28:25Z","timestamp":1772760505183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007914","name":"University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007914","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. In the absence of disease-modifying therapies, exercise remains one of the few interventions shown to effectively reduce fall risk and improve mobility. However, it remains unclear whether skeletal muscle ATP metabolism is impaired in PD, and whether the benefits of exercise arise primarily from improvements in central motor control or peripheral metabolic adaptations. Methods: Fourteen individuals with PD and five healthy controls underwent kinetic 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to assess resting muscle ATP synthesis and dynamic 31P MRS during in-magnet exercise to evaluate oxidative phosphorylation in active muscle. Results: At rest, ATP synthesis rates mediated by ATPase and creatine kinase (CK) were on average 46 \u00b1 23% and 24 \u00b1 9% lower, respectively, in the PD group compared to controls (p &lt; 0.005), suggesting peripheral mitochondrial dysfunction. During plantar flexion exercise at 15% of lean body mass, range of motion (ROM) was reduced by 22 \u00b1 5% in PD participants (p = 0.01). Despite this, post-exercise recovery of phosphocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) was similar between groups. Recovery time constants for PCr and Pi correlated with participants\u2019 total weekly exercise time, indicating a metabolic adaptation to regular physical activity. Modest ROM improvements were observed in both groups following calf-raise exercise training. Conclusions: Reduced skeletal muscle ATP metabolism may contribute to peripheral weakness in PD. Regular exercise appears to promote adaptive metabolic responses, highlighting the need for therapeutic strategies targeting both central and peripheral components of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15202573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T05:48:21Z","timestamp":1760420901000},"page":"2573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Skeletal Muscle 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Energy Metabolism and Exercise Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7946-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimin","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9722-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neha","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4994-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talon","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2473-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"Querry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Staci","family":"Shearin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27063","article-title":"Projection of the prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the coming decades: Revisited","volume":"33","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. 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