{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:42:36Z","timestamp":1787654556083,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Office of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) diagnosis remains controversial, largely due to the complex pathophysiology of sepsis, which challenges the reliability of conventional biochemical testing. Recent international guidelines have moved away from strict cortisol threshold-based diagnostic criteria for adrenal insufficiency, relying more on clinical evaluation. However, the applicability and diagnostic accuracy of these revised approaches in non-Western populations remain unexplored. Objective: This study aimed to assessthe diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of baseline total cortisol levels for guiding corticosteroid therapy in a cohort of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with septic shock in a tertiary care hospital in the United Arab Emirates. Methods: A ten-year retrospective observational study (2012\u20132022) of intensive care patients with septic shock was conducted. CIRCI was operationally defined by a documented clinical decision to administer hydrocortisone &gt;24 h. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed diagnostic performance; Decision Curve Analysis (DCA) evaluated clinical utility of performed cortisol levels. Results: Among 43 patients in the ICU with septic shock, 13 (30.2%) received hydrocortisone (CIRCI group). Mean cortisol was found to be paradoxically higher in the CIRCI group (1341.6 \u00b1 1112.5 vs. 976.0 \u00b1 798.7 nmol\/L, p = 0.24). ROC analysis demonstrated poor diagnostic performance (AUC 0.61, 95% CI: 0.44\u20130.78). International guideline cutoff of &lt;276 nmol\/L showed 0% sensitivity in identifying CIRCI. Multiple thresholds yielded negative Youden indices, indicating performance of cortisol levels being worse than a random chance. DCA demonstrated zero net benefit for cortisol-guided therapy across all threshold probabilities when compared to clincial practice strategies. Only clinical factors predicted corticosteroid initiation: high vasopressor requirements (OR 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1\u20139.4, p = 0.03) and persistent shock &gt;48 h (OR 2.8, 95% CI: 1.0\u20137.9, p = 0.05). Cortisol level had no predictive value (OR 1.0, 95% CI: 0.9\u20131.0, p = 0.89). Conclusions: In this cohort, baseline total cortisol demonstrated poor diagnostic accuracy and lacked clinical utility for guiding corticosteroid therapy in patients with sepsis. Our findings reinforce the importance of clinical judgement over biochemical testing in identifying patients with septic shock requiring corticosteroid therapy, in line with the recent international guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15202588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T13:41:29Z","timestamp":1760449289000},"page":"2588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cortisol Testing in Septic Shock: An Evaluation of Diagnostic Performance and Predictors of Corticosteroid Use in a Middle Eastern Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9121-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fayez","family":"Alshamsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4870-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Alkaabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam Nasser Mohamedali","family":"Alfadli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7364-9233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naser Abdulla Naser Salem","family":"Alshkeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan Majed Ibrahim","family":"Alhosani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-8931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan","family":"Agha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006172","article-title":"2024 focused update: Guidelines on use of corticosteroids in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"52","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. 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