{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:18:18Z","timestamp":1760660298537,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command\u2019s Combat Casualty Care Research Program","award":["P_014_2020_USAISR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P_014_2020_USAISR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) of the extremities is typically based on subjective clinical signs and symptoms, highlighting the need for user-friendly diagnostic tools to improve accuracy and reliability. This study evaluates the performance of two commercial devices, the MY01\u00ae continuous pressure monitoring system and the Moxy Monitor near-infrared spectroscopy-based system, against a reference standard of continuous intracompartmental pressure (ICP) monitoring in a preclinical ACS model. Methods: ACS was induced in the anterior compartment of the distal hind limb in eight Yorkshire pigs using a balloon displacement model. ICP was incrementally elevated and maintained for four hours at &gt;30 mmHg above mean arterial pressure. This was followed by balloon deflation and reperfusion. Final assessments were performed at 24 h post-injury. ICP measurements from the MY01\u00ae and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) data from the Moxy Monitor were compared to reference ICP measurements. Histologic analysis of muscle tissue was performed to assess the severity of necrosis. Results: The MY01\u00ae provided accurate ICP measurements, with a mean bias of 2.21 \u00b1 18.77 mmHg during pre-ischemia, 4.86 \u00b1 10.43 mmHg during reperfusion, and 4.69 \u00b1 3.28 mmHg 24 h post-injury, compared to reference probes. Correlation at 24 h post-injury was (r = 0.86, R2 = 0.73, p &lt; 0.0001). In contrast, the Moxy Monitor failed to detect significant differences in SmO2 between injured and control limbs at 24 h post-injury, despite pronounced ICP differences. Our volumetric displacement ACS model demonstrated its efficacy as a testing platform by allowing for controlled, incremental elevation in ICP and sustaining elevated ICP levels after 24 h. Histologic evaluation confirmed extensive muscle damage, including edema and necrosis. Conclusions: The MY01\u00ae provides accurate, continuous ICP monitoring, supporting its clinical utility in ACS diagnosis. However, the use of near-infrared spectroscopy-based systems such as the Moxy Monitor for ACS diagnosis and management should continue to be critically scrutinized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15202607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:17:02Z","timestamp":1760617022000},"page":"2607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Emerging Technologies to Aid in the Detection and Diagnosis of Acute Extremity Compartment Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9116-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharina","family":"Gaeth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Combat Wound Care, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Bldg. 3611, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Cognetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combat Wound Care, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Bldg. 3611, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie M.","family":"Shiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combat Wound Care, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Bldg. 3611, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinton","family":"Armmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combat Wound Care, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Bldg. 3611, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amber M.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combat Wound Care, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Bldg. 3611, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert V.","family":"Hainline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combat Wound Care, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Bldg. 3611, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6616-1152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combat Wound Care, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Bldg. 3611, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5995-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Moritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combat Wound Care, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Bldg. 3611, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16260","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016260","article-title":"Acute compartment syndrome: Cause, diagnosis, and new viewpoint","volume":"98","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-03234-x","article-title":"Etiology of trauma-related acute compartment syndrome of the forearm: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Khoshhal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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Am."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/20\/2607\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T13:05:05Z","timestamp":1760619905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/20\/2607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15202607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15202607","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}}}