{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T20:31:30Z","timestamp":1784752290718,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a complex health condition associated with significant health risks and diminished quality of life. Despite continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) being the gold standard treatment for years, its poor adherence is well documented. With the emergence of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) and phenotypic approach to OSA, traditional surgical and non-surgical treatment pathways have been improved to allow personalised treatment and minimising suboptimal treatment to patients demonstrating various upper airway obstruction of OSA endotypes. Sedation protocol propofol, midazolam and dexmedetomidine have been suggested. The VOTE classification for documenting DISE findings have been proposed to unify results across studies. DISE plays an invaluable role in offering insights on treatment successes for positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy, mandibular advancement device (MAD) therapy, positional therapy, and surgical interventions including palatal surgeries, tongue base surgeries, upper airway stimulation (UAS) surgery and maxillomandibular advancement (MMA). This review aims at consolidating current evidence on DISE protocols, indications, and treatment implications to improve therapeutic success in OSA management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15202614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:33:22Z","timestamp":1760632402000},"page":"2614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Current Concepts of the Applications and Treatment Implications of Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy for the Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3873-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi Ching Joan","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6670-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiu Yan","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13210","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13210","article-title":"Relationship between sleep efficacy endpoints and measures of functional status and health-related quality of life in participants with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea treated for excessive daytime sleepiness","volume":"30","author":"Weaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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