{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:22:46Z","timestamp":1791285766113,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical imaging technologies expand gastrointestinal endoscopy beyond white-light endoscopy (WLE), improving visualization of mucosal, vascular, and subsurface features. They are applied to the detection of neoplastic and premalignant lesions, inflammatory diseases, and small bowel and pancreatic disorders, though their validation and readiness for routine practice vary. This review critically evaluates both guideline-endorsed and investigational optical imaging techniques across major gastrointestinal indications, highlighting diagnostic performance, level of validation, current guideline recommendations, and practical challenges to adoption. In Barrett\u2019s esophagus, narrow-band imaging (NBI) is guideline-endorsed, while acetic acid chromoendoscopy is validated in expert centers. For gastric intestinal metaplasia and early gastric cancer, magnifying NBI achieves diagnostic accuracies exceeding 90% and is guideline-recommended, with acetic acid chromoendoscopy aiding in margin delineation. In inflammatory bowel disease, dye-spray chromoendoscopy is the reference standard for dysplasia surveillance, with virtual methods such as NBI, FICE, and i-SCAN serving as practical alternatives when dye application is not feasible. In the colorectum, NBI supports validated optical diagnosis strategies (resect-and-discard, diagnose-and-leave), while dye-based chromoendoscopy improves detection of flat and serrated lesions. Capsule endoscopy remains the standard for small bowel evaluation of bleeding, Crohn\u2019s disease, and tumors, with virtual enhancement, intelligent chromo capsule endoscopy, and AI-assisted interpretation emerging as promising adjuncts. Pancreaticobiliary applications of optical imaging are also advancing, though current evidence is still preliminary. Investigational modalities including confocal laser endomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescence molecular imaging show potential but remain largely restricted to research or expert settings. Guideline-backed modalities such as NBI and dye-based chromoendoscopy are established for clinical practice and supported by robust evidence, whereas advanced techniques remain investigational. Future directions will rely on broader validation, integration of artificial intelligence, and adoption of molecularly targeted probes and next-generation capsule technologies, which together may enhance accuracy, efficiency, and standardization in gastrointestinal endoscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15202625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"2625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optical Imaging Technologies and Clinical Applications in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Khyati","family":"Bidani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Peter\u2019s University Hospital\/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishali","family":"Moond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhvi","family":"Nagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Jamnagar 361006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkady","family":"Broder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Saint Peter\u2019s University Hospital\/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4607-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nirav","family":"Thosani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interventional Gastroenterology at UTHealth (iGUT), Department of Surgery, Division of Endoluminal Surgery and Interventional Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12792","article-title":"Advances in optical gastrointestinal endoscopy: A technical review","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-061622-014208","article-title":"Label-free optical technologies to enhance noninvasive endoscopic imaging of early-stage cancers","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"150","article-title":"Current Practice and Emerging Endoscopic Technology in the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer: A Narrative Review of Enhanced Imaging and Optical Biopsy","volume":"2","author":"Turshudzhyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000527083","article-title":"Advanced imaging in gastrointestinal endoscopy: A literature review of the current state of the art","volume":"30","author":"Sinonquel","year":"2023","journal-title":"GE Port. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, M., Lane, P.M., and Menon, C. (2020). Endoscopic optical imaging technologies and devices for medical purposes: State of the art. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10196865"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002871","article-title":"Comparison of effective imaging modalities for detecting gastric neoplasms: A randomized three-arm phase II trial","volume":"119","author":"Kadota","year":"2022","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.10.026","article-title":"Identification of predictive factors for early neoplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus after autofluorescence imaging: A stepwise multicenter structured assessment","volume":"70","author":"Curvers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"007","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-5042.95023","article-title":"Advances in endoscopic imaging: Advantages and limitations","volume":"3","author":"Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00345-3","article-title":"Optical biopsy: A new frontier in endoscopic detection and diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, X., and Gu, B. (2021). Optical Imaging in Human Disease and Biological Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-7627-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1695563","article-title":"Appearance of enhanced tissue features in narrow-band endoscopic imaging","volume":"9","author":"Gono","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300962","article-title":"Standard endoscopy with random biopsies versus narrow band imaging targeted biopsies in Barrett\u2019s oesophagus: A prospective, international, randomised controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-100791","article-title":"Development and validation of the SIMPLE endoscopic classification of diminutive and small colorectal polyps","volume":"50","author":"Iacucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12638","article-title":"Magnifying endoscopy simple diagnostic algorithm for early gastric cancer (MESDA-G)","volume":"28","author":"Muto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1031-7657","article-title":"Advanced imaging for detection and differentiation of colorectal neoplasia: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline\u2014Update 2019","volume":"51","author":"Bisschops","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.05.012","article-title":"ASGE guideline on screening and surveillance of Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"90","author":"Qumseya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.414","article-title":"The value of narrowband imaging using the Ni classification in the diagnosis of laryngeal cancer","volume":"5","author":"Ahmadzada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.10.063","article-title":"A comparison of conventional endoscopy, chromoendoscopy, and the optimal-band imaging system for the differentiation of neoplastic and non-neoplastic colonic polyps","volume":"69","author":"Togashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E684","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1388-6694","article-title":"Clinical validation of the SIMPLE classification for optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps","volume":"9","author":"Alaoui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.273","article-title":"Live image processing does not increase adenoma detection rate during colonoscopy: A randomized comparison between FICE and conventional imaging (Berlin Colonoscopy Project 5, BECOP-5)","volume":"105","author":"Aminalai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2005.11.050","article-title":"Endoscopic video-autofluorescence imaging followed by narrow band imaging for detecting early neoplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"64","author":"Kara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.10.013","article-title":"Effects of autofluorescence imaging on detection and treatment of early neoplasia in patients with Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"12","author":"Boerwinkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.10.014","article-title":"Endoscopic trimodal imaging versus standard video endoscopy for detection of early Barrett\u2019s neoplasia: A multicenter, randomized, crossover study in general practice","volume":"73","author":"Curvers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314953","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence molecular endoscopy detects dysplastic oesophageal lesions using topical and systemic tracer of vascular endothelial growth factor A","volume":"68","author":"Nagengast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.22033","article-title":"Potential red-flag identification of colorectal adenomas with wide-field fluorescence molecular endoscopy","volume":"8","author":"Hartmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015237","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2015237","article-title":"Targeted optical imaging agents in cancer: Focus on clinical applications","volume":"2018","author":"Joshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.034","article-title":"Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy","volume":"136","author":"Wallace","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.04.004","article-title":"Real-time increased detection of neoplastic tissue in Barrett\u2019s esophagus with probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy: Final results of an international multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"74","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315235","article-title":"Advanced endoscopic techniques in the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease: New technology, new era","volume":"68","author":"Iacucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Palma, G.D., Colavita, I., Zambrano, G., Giglio, M.C., Maione, F., Luglio, G., Sarnelli, G., Rispo, A., Schettino, P., and D\u2019Armiento, F.P. (2017). Detection of colonic dysplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis using a targeted fluorescent peptide and confocal laser endomicroscopy: A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180509"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fugazza, A., Gaiani, F., Carra, M.C., Brunetti, F., L\u00e9vy, M., Sobhani, I., Azoulay, D., Catena, F., De\u2019Angelis, G.L., and De\u2019Angelis, N. (2016). Confocal laser endomicroscopy in gastrointestinal and pancreatobiliary diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4638683"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.01.021","article-title":"Real-time in vivo virtual histology of colorectal lesions when using the endocytoscopy system","volume":"63","author":"Sasajima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1443-1661.2009.00931.x","article-title":"Endocytoscopic observation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Kumagai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.09.009","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-assisted system improves endoscopic identification of colorectal neoplasms","volume":"18","author":"Kudo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1159\/000540251","article-title":"Endoscopic Artificial Intelligence for Image Analysis in Gastrointestinal Neoplasms","volume":"105","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.002405","article-title":"Endoscopic optical coherence tomography: Technologies and clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Gora","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics4020057","article-title":"Endoscopic optical coherence tomography for clinical gastroenterology","volume":"4","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2010.06.006","article-title":"Integrated optical tools for minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment at gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"27","author":"Bigio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.11.052","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography for the staging of tumor infiltration in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"71","author":"Hatta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"doaa062","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doaa062","article-title":"Multicenter study on the diagnostic performance of multiframe volumetric laser endomicroscopy targets for Barrett\u2019s esophagus neoplasia with histopathology correlation","volume":"33","author":"Struyvenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, F., Zhang, X., Fan, A., Liu, X., Xu, J., Ma, X., Yang, L., Su, H., Xie, H., and Wang, X. (2023). A novel detection technology for early gastric cancer based on Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 292.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2023.122422"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201400141","article-title":"Simultaneous fingerprint and high-wavenumber fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy enhances real-time in vivo diagnosis of adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy","volume":"9","author":"Bergholt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kralova, K., Vrtelka, O., Fouskova, M., Hribek, P., Bunganic, B., Miskovicova, M., Urbanek, P., Zavoral, M., Petruzelka, L., and Habartova, L. (2024). Raman spectroscopy and Raman optical activity of blood plasma for differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 305.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2023.123430"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2823","article-title":"Simultaneous functional photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopy of internal organs in vivo","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35259-5","article-title":"Optical-resolution functional gastrointestinal photoacoustic endoscopy based on optical heterodyne detection of ultrasound","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Yuan, C., Zhang, J., Xie, Z., and Xiao, J. (2023). Spectroscopic photoacoustic\/ultrasound\/optical-microscopic multimodal intrarectal endoscopy for detection of centimeter-scale deep lesions. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1136005"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, T.J., Lee, K.H., Chou, C.K., Karmakar, R., Mukundan, A., Chen, T.H., Gupta, D., Ghosh, G., Liu, T.Y., and Wang, H.C. (2025). Enhancing Early GI Disease Detection with Spectral Visualization and Deep Learning. Bioengineering, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12080828"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.W., Su, C.C., Chou, C.K., Mukundan, A., Karmakar, R., Chen, T.H., Shukla, P., Gupta, D., and Wang, H.C. (2025). Software-Based Transformation of White Light Endoscopy Images to Hyperspectral Images for Improved Gastrointestinal Disease Detection. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15131664"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, W.C., Huang, C.W., Su, C.C., Mukundan, A., Karmakar, R., Chen, T.H., Avhad, A.R., Chou, C.K., and Wang, H.C. (2025). Optimizing Esophageal Cancer Diagnosis with Computer-Aided Detection by YOLO Models Combined with Hyperspectral Imaging. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15131686"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, L.J., Chou, C.K., Mukundan, A., Karmakar, R., Chen, T.H., Syna, S., Ko, C.Y., and Wang, H.C. (2025). Evaluation of Spectral Imaging for Early Esophageal Cancer Detection. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17122049"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0641-5091","article-title":"Multiphoton imaging provides a superior optical biopsy to that of confocal laser endomicroscopy imaging for colorectal lesions","volume":"51","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.001349","article-title":"Multifocal multiphoton endoscope","volume":"37","author":"Rivera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-0474","article-title":"Spectral endoscopy enhances contrast for neoplasia in surveillance of Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"81","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.07.012","article-title":"Endoscopic histological assessment of colonic polyps by using elastic scattering spectroscopy","volume":"81","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.02.015","article-title":"Optical enhancement with magnification versus white-light endoscopy for detecting gastric intestinal metaplasia and neoplasia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12649","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i35.12649","article-title":"Kudo\u2019s pit pattern classification for colorectal neoplasms: A meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2020.02.10","article-title":"Barrett\u2019s esophagus: Current standards in advanced imaging","volume":"6","author":"Kolb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl20031","article-title":"Current status of mucosal imaging with narrow-band imaging in the esophagus","volume":"15","author":"Chiam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.019","article-title":"Prospective, controlled tandem endoscopy study of narrow band imaging for dysplasia detection in Barrett\u2019s Esophagus","volume":"135","author":"Wolfsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/dote.12222","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effects of endoscopy with narrow band imaging in detecting dysplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.01.007","article-title":"ASGE Technology Committee systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the ASGE Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopic Innovations thresholds for adopting real-time imaging\u2013assisted endoscopic targeted biopsy during endoscopic surveillance of Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"83","author":"Thosani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.06.017","article-title":"Advanced imaging technologies increase detection of dysplasia and neoplasia in patients with Barrett\u2019s esophagus: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Qumseya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2176-2440","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Barrett esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline","volume":"55","author":"Weusten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1015-6653","article-title":"A feasibility trial of acetic acid-targeted biopsies versus nontargeted quadrantic biopsies during Barrett\u2019s surveillance: The ABBA trial","volume":"52","author":"Fogg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-122140","article-title":"Endoscopic management of Barrett\u2019s esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement","volume":"49","author":"Weusten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.12.007","article-title":"Confocal laser endomicroscopy in Barrett\u2019s esophagus and endoscopically inapparent Barrett\u2019s neoplasia: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial","volume":"72","author":"Dunbar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.05.004","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of confocal laser endomicroscopy assessment of residual metaplasia after mucosal ablation or resection of GI neoplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"76","author":"Wallace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.09.020","article-title":"In vivo endomicroscopy improves detection of Barrett\u2019s esophagus\u2013related neoplasia: A multicenter international randomized controlled trial (with video)","volume":"79","author":"Canto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.11.16","article-title":"Volumetric laser endomicroscopy in Barrett\u2019s esophagus: Ready for primetime","volume":"5","author":"Houston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000366","article-title":"Volumetric laser endomicroscopy in the management of Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"33","author":"Trindade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.02.003","article-title":"Characterization of buried glands before and after radiofrequency ablation by using 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography (with videos)","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.422","article-title":"Volumetric laser endomicroscopy detects subsquamous Barrett\u2019s adenocarcinoma","volume":"109","author":"Leggett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.045","article-title":"Endoscopic tri-modal imaging is more effective than standard endoscopy in identifying early-stage neoplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"139","author":"Curvers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2616","article-title":"Molecular imaging using fluorescent lectins permits rapid endoscopic identification of dysplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"18","author":"Neves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264656","article-title":"Detection of early esophageal neoplastic Barrett lesions with quantified fluorescence molecular endoscopy using cetuximab-800CW","volume":"64","author":"Gabriels","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-115382","article-title":"Probe-based endomicroscopy for in vivo detection of gastric intestinal metaplasia and neoplasia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Zuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-013-0332-0","article-title":"Diagnostic performance and limitations of magnifying narrow-band imaging in screening endoscopy of early gastric cancer: A prospective multicenter feasibility study","volume":"17","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.02.010","article-title":"Optical enhancement imaging versus acetic acid for detecting gastric intestinal metaplasia: A randomized, comparative trial","volume":"52","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"149","article-title":"Current role of narrow band imaging in diagnosing gastric intestinal metaplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of its diagnostic accuracy","volume":"36","author":"Rokkas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"55","article-title":"Hesitate between confocal laser endomicroscopy and narrow-band imaging: How to choose a better method in the detection of focal precancerous state of gastric cancer","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1359215","article-title":"Confocal laser endomicroscopy for in vivo detection of gastric intestinal metaplasia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X.-k., Liu, D., and Sun, L.-m. (2016). Diagnostic performance of confocal laser endomicroscopy for optical diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia: A meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0515-3"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1233","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1220-6389","article-title":"Diagnostic limitations of magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging in early gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Be, L. (2010). Acetic acid-indigo carmine chromoendoscopy for delineating early gastric cancers: Its usefulness according to histological type. BMC Gastroenterol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-10-97"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08626-4","article-title":"Association between mucin phenotype and lesion border detection using acetic acid\u2013indigo carmine chromoendoscopy in early gastric cancers","volume":"36","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Numata, N., Oka, S., Tanaka, S., Yoshifuku, Y., Miwata, T., Sanomura, Y., Arihiro, K., Shimamoto, F., and Chayama, K. (2016). Useful condition of chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine and acetic acid for identifying a demarcation line prior to endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer. BMC Gastroenterol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0483-7"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.12.009","article-title":"SCENIC international consensus statement on surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"81","author":"Laine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iacucci, M., Nardone, O.M., Ditonno, I., Capobianco, I., Pugliano, C.L., Maeda, Y., Majumder, S., Zammarchi, I., Santacroce, G., and Ghosh, S. (2025). Advancing Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Driven Colorectal Cancer Management: Molecular Insights and Endoscopic Breakthroughs Towards Precision Medicine. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.06.035"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2021.07.024","article-title":"Beyond the SCENIC route: Updates in chromoendoscopy and dysplasia screening in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"95","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50146","article-title":"Methylene blue-aided chromoendoscopy for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia and colon cancer in ulcerative colitis","volume":"124","author":"Kiesslich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.11.021","article-title":"Chromoendoscopy for surveillance in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease: A systematic review of randomized trials","volume":"15","author":"Iannone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313213","article-title":"Chromoendoscopy versus narrow band imaging in UC: A prospective randomised controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Bisschops","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1365348","article-title":"Advanced imaging for detection and differentiation of colorectal neoplasia: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline","volume":"46","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31829637b9","article-title":"Chromoendoscopy versus narrow band imaging for colonic surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"19","author":"Efthymiou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.144097","article-title":"Endoscopic tri-modal imaging for surveillance in ulcerative colitis: Randomised comparison of high-resolution endoscopy and autofluorescence imaging for neoplasia detection; and evaluation of narrow-band imaging for classification of lesions","volume":"57","author":"Fockens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255956","article-title":"Narrow-band imaging versus high-definition endoscopy for the diagnosis of neoplasia in ulcerative colitis","volume":"43","author":"Fockens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.04.014","article-title":"Magnifying colonoscopy with narrow band imaging system for the diagnosis of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: A pilot study","volume":"66","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy129","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic trimodal imaging and chromoendoscopy for lesion characterization in ulcerative colitis","volume":"12","author":"Vleugels","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001101","article-title":"Narrow band imaging for surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinopoulou, V., Nigam, G.B., Gordon, M., Ganeshan, M., Tokonyai, M.R., Dolwani, S., Iacucci, M., Rutter, M., Subramanian, V., and Wilson, A. (2024). Comparative efficacy and safety of endoscopic modalities for colorectal cancer screening in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.11.008"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2023.11.018","article-title":"Validation of a new optical diagnosis training module to improve dysplasia characterization in inflammatory bowel disease: A multicenter international study","volume":"99","author":"Iacucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2024.07.006","article-title":"Advanced Endoscopic Imaging for Dysplasia Characterization in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"35","author":"Jans","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2023.070","article-title":"Current status of image-enhanced endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.11.005","article-title":"Challenges in detection and real-time diagnosis of dysplasia in Crohn\u2019s colitis: The search still continues","volume":"83","author":"Buchner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.229534","article-title":"Pancolonic chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine versus standard colonoscopy for detection of neoplastic lesions: A randomised two-centre trial","volume":"60","author":"Pohl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1309086","article-title":"Adenoma detection rate and risk of colorectal cancer and death","volume":"370","author":"Corley","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.05.006","article-title":"Validation of a simple classification system for endoscopic diagnosis of small colorectal polyps using narrow-band imaging","volume":"143","author":"Hewett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12644","article-title":"Narrow-band imaging (NBI) magnifying endoscopic classification of colorectal tumors proposed by the Japan NBI Expert Team","volume":"28","author":"Sano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13393","article-title":"Objective validity of the Japan Narrow-Band Imaging Expert Team classification system for the differential diagnosis of colorectal polyps","volume":"31","author":"Minoda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303965","article-title":"Narrow band imaging to differentiate neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal polyps in real time: A meta-analysis of diagnostic operating characteristics","volume":"62","author":"McGill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7531368","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7531368","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of NICE classification system for optical recognition of predictive morphology of colorectal polyps","volume":"2018","author":"Patrun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2015.48.6.491","article-title":"Polyp detection, characterization, and management using narrow-band imaging with\/without magnification","volume":"48","author":"Utsumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0096","article-title":"Chromoendoscopy detects more adenomas than colonoscopy using intensive inspection without dye spraying","volume":"1","author":"Stoffel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2014). European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy, 46, 435\u2013457.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1365348"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.08.006","article-title":"In vivo diagnosis and classification of colorectal neoplasia by chromoendoscopy-guided confocal laser endomicroscopy","volume":"8","author":"Sanduleanu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255919","article-title":"Differentiation of colonic polyps by confocal laser endomicroscopy","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e488","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12329","article-title":"Meta-analysis of confocal laser endomicroscopy for the detection of colorectal neoplasia","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Yang, X., Tao, Y., Zhang, X., and Huang, X. (2023). Diagnostic accuracy of endocytoscopy via artificial intelligence in colorectal lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294930"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2023.055","article-title":"Detecting colorectal lesions with image-enhanced endoscopy: An updated review from clinical trials","volume":"56","author":"Nagai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, D.K., Kim, E.J., Im, J.P., Lim, H., Lim, Y.J., Byeon, J.S., Kim, K.O., Chung, J.W., and Kim, Y.J. (2024). A prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial on artificial intelligence assisted colonoscopy for enhanced polyp detection. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77079-1"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2457241","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.57241","article-title":"Automatic Quality Control System and Adenoma Detection Rates During Routine Colonoscopy: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, H., Luo, H., Lamm, V., Li, S., Thakur, S., Zhou, C., Hollander, T., Cho, D., Sloan, E., and Liu, J. (2024). In vivo evaluation of complex polyps with endoscopic optical coherence tomography and deep learning during routine colonoscopy: A feasibility study. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78891-5"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310584","article-title":"Narrow band imaging optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps in routine clinical practice: The Detect Inspect Characterise Resect and Discard 2 (DISCARD 2) study","volume":"66","author":"Rees","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v6.i8.359","article-title":"Virtual chromoendoscopy in small bowel capsule endoscopy: New light or a cast of shadow?","volume":"6","author":"Cotter","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.584899","article-title":"Improved detectability of small-bowel lesions via capsule endoscopy with computed virtual chromoendoscopy: A pilot study","volume":"46","author":"Imagawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2011.07.018","article-title":"Chromoendoscopy in small bowel capsule endoscopy: Blue mode or Fuji Intelligent Colour Enhancement?","volume":"43","author":"Krystallis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toskas, A., Laskaratos, F.-M., and Coda, S. (2022). Virtual chromoendoscopy in capsule endoscopy: A narrative review. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12081818"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"goad021","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goad021","article-title":"A novel intelligent chromo capsule endoscope for the diagnosis of neoplastic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogata, N., Ohtsuka, K., Ogawa, M., Maeda, Y., Ishida, F., and Kudo, S.E. (2021). Image-enhanced capsule endoscopy improves the identification of small intestinal lesions. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112122"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454717","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/454717","article-title":"A review on the use of confocal laser endomicroscopy in the bile duct","volume":"2012","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1291545","article-title":"Classification of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy findings in pancreaticobiliary strictures","volume":"44","author":"Meining","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vgie.2025.02.005","article-title":"Pancreas cystic lesion with surprise findings on confocal laser endomicroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Matar","year":"2025","journal-title":"VideoGIE"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogowska, J., Semeradt, J., Durko, \u0141., and Ma\u0142ecka-Wojciesko, E. (2024). Diagnostics and Management of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions\u2014New Techniques and Guidelines. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164644"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishna, S., Abdelbaki, A., Hart, P.A., and Machicado, J.D. (2024). Endoscopic ultrasound-guided needle-based confocal endomicroscopy as a diagnostic imaging biomarker for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16061238"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2533-5","article-title":"Refined probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy classification for biliary strictures: The Paris Classification","volume":"58","author":"Caillol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, L.J., Chen, J.H., Xu, H.J., Yu, Q., and Liu, K. (2020). Efficacy and safety of digital single-operator cholangioscopy in the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures by targeted biopsies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10090666"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1118","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2404-5699","article-title":"Cholangioscopy-based convoluted neuronal network vs. confocal laser endomicroscopy in identification of neoplastic biliary strictures","volume":"12","author":"Cunto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/20\/2625\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T03:50:42Z","timestamp":1761105042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/20\/2625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15202625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15202625","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]}}}