{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T20:34:41Z","timestamp":1773693281753,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":301,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Eye and visual symptoms are becoming increasingly common in young people, along with the emerging conditions text neck and computer vision syndrome, though underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. The link between cervical spine structure and the eye remains relatively unexplored. Methods: This paper employs a hypothesis-driven, literature-based evidence approach, aiming to explore the hypothesis that cervical spine structural issues may be an underlying mechanism for visual symptoms and eye diseases. The purpose of exploring this hypothesis is to lay the groundwork for future research, and advance diagnostics and treatment options. No new analysis was performed. Results: This article lays the groundwork for the hypothesis that cervical spine structural dysfunctions, including a forward-displaced atlas (C1), can cause dynamic carotid sheath compression, contributing to neurological and neurovascular mechanisms that affect the eye, primarily by (1) impaired venolymphatic drainage of the eye and brain due to compression of the internal jugular veins, and (2) ocular dysautonomia from a disruption of the parasympathetic\/sympathetic system balance, partly due to vagus nerve degeneration. Conclusions: Potential mechanisms, diagnostics, and treatment options for visual disorders initiated by cervical structural dysfunction are discussed, providing a foundation for future research aimed at improving clinical outcomes for some eye conditions which have an otherwise unknown etiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15202650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:24:02Z","timestamp":1761056642000},"page":"2650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cervical Oculopathy: The Cervical Spine Etiology of Visual Symptoms and Eye Diseases\u2014A Hypothesis Exploring Mechanisms Linking the Neck and the Eye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ross A.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Medical Florida, 9738 Commerce Center Court, Fort Myers, FL 33908, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Fort Myers, FL 33908, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Medical Florida, 9738 Commerce Center Court, Fort Myers, FL 33908, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5530-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Rawlings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Medical Florida, 9738 Commerce Center Court, Fort Myers, FL 33908, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S258783","article-title":"Visual Impairment and Mental Health: Unmet Needs and Treatment Options","volume":"14","author":"Demmin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.01.004","article-title":"Modifiable Lifestyle Risk Factors for Dry Eye Disease","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cont. Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, August 01). World Vision Infographic: Global Perspective on Health Trends. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/74b12494-f213-4b5b-9533-18442147e1fb\/content."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2023.100482","article-title":"Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome: A Systematic Re-View and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325427","article-title":"Global Prevalence, Trend and Projection of Myopia in Children and Adolescents from 1990 to 2050: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"109","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, H., Alhammad, L., Aldossari, B., and Alonazi, A. (2024). Prevalence and Interrelationships of Screen Time, Visual Disorders, and Neck Pain Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study at Majmaah University. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12202067"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2460026","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.60026","article-title":"Digital Screen Time and Myopia: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Me-Ta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Ha","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580601139212","article-title":"Impact of Visual Impairment on Quality of Life: A Comparison with Quality of Life in the General Population and with Other Chronic Conditions","volume":"14","author":"Langelaan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauser, R.A., Griffiths, M., Watterson, A., D, M., and Rawlings, B. (2025). Objective Test Findings in Patients with Chronic Eye Symp-Toms Seeking Care at an Outpatient Neck Center: Ligamentous Cervical Instability Etiology?. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1576315"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-2507","article-title":"Cervicogenic Visual Dysfunction: An Understanding of Its Pathomechanism","volume":"96","author":"Leung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russek, L.N., Block, N.P., Byrne, E., Chalela, S., Chan, C., Comerford, M., Frost, N., Hennessey, S., McCarthy, A., and Nicholson, L.L. (2022). Presentation and Physical Therapy Management of Upper Cervical Instability in Patients with Symptomatic Generalized Joint Hypermobility: International Expert Consensus Recommendations. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1072764"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, M.D., Katz, E.A., Rosa, S.L., Gatterman, B.G., Str\u00f6mmer, E.M.F., and Leith, W.M. (2020). Diagnostic Accuracy of Videofluoroscopy for Symptomatic Cervical Spine Injury Following Whiplash Trauma. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051693"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauser, R.A., Matias, D., and Rawlings, B. (2024). The Ligamentous Cervical Instability Etiology of Human Disease from the Forward Head-Facedown Lifestyle: Emphasis on Obstruction of Fluid Flow into and out of the Brain. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1430390"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15910199241270660","DOI":"10.1177\/15910199241270660","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension pathogenesis: The jugular hypothesis","volume":"8","author":"Fargen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.1.34","article-title":"Transient Monocular Visual Loss Patterns and Associated Vascular Ab-Normalities","volume":"21","author":"Bruno","year":"1990","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7187","article-title":"Altered Blood Flow in the Ophthalmic and Internal Carotid Arteries in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration Measured Using Noncontrast MR Angiography at 7T","volume":"42","author":"Hibert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1593448","article-title":"Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency: A Review of the Literature","volume":"21","author":"Neto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-019-00110-1","article-title":"Cerebral Venous Congestion Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Neuroinflamma-Tion, Impairing Cognitive Function in Mice","volume":"41","author":"Fulop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-018-2048-7","article-title":"Should You Stop Wearing Neckties?-Wearing a Tight Necktie Reduces Cerebral Blood Flow","volume":"60","author":"Lindner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.08.005","article-title":"Current Concepts of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and the Translaminar Cribrosa Pressure Gradient: A Paradigm of Optic Disk Disease","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937360","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/937360","article-title":"The Difference in Translaminar Pressure Gradient and Neuroretinal Rim Area in Glaucoma and Healthy Subjects","volume":"2014","author":"Siaudvytyte","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231199779","article-title":"Precisional Modulation of Translaminar Pressure Gradients for Ophthalmic Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Waisberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"Doc15","article-title":"Radius-Maumenee Syndrome (Idiopathic Dilated Episcleral Vessels","volume":"14","author":"Estacia","year":"2024","journal-title":"GMS Ophthalmol. Cases"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"17","article-title":"The Crosstalk between Autonomic Nervous System and Blood Vessels","volume":"10","author":"Sheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.M., Park, K.H., Han, S.Y., Kim, K.S., Kim, D.M., Kim, T.W., and Caprioli, J. (2012). Changes in Intraocular Pressure after Pharmacologic Pupil Dilation. BMC Ophthalmol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-12-53"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.x","article-title":"The Pupil as a Measure of Emotional Arousal and Autonomic Activa-Tion","volume":"45","author":"Bradley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26176","article-title":"Brain Network Dynamics in People with Visual Snow Syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Strik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-019-0129-6","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Intracranial Pressure Elevation in Neurological Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Bothwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100916","article-title":"Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the Back to the Front of the Eye, and Beyond","volume":"83","author":"Baudouin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12532","article-title":"Photophobia in primary headaches","volume":"55","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Headache J. Head. Face Pain."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, A., and Schankin, C.J. (2021). Visual Snow Syndrome as a Network Disorder: A Systematic Review. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.724072"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02435-w","article-title":"Visual Snow Syndrome and Migraine: A Review","volume":"37","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye Lond."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.01.075","article-title":"Relationship Between Atypical Symptoms of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy and Segments of Spinal Cord Compression: Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"161","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00619","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.619","article-title":"Morphological relationship between the superior cervical ganglion and cervical nerves in Japanese cadaver donors","volume":"7","author":"Mitsuoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"61","article-title":"Understanding Vision and the Brain","volume":"29","author":"Moodley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100841","article-title":"Ocular Blood Flow as a Clinical Observation: Value, Limitations and Data Analy-Sis","volume":"78","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"849","article-title":"Dysfunctional Regulation of Ocular Blood Flow: A Risk Factor for Glaucoma?","volume":"2","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531231176119","article-title":"Autonomic Nervous System and Control of Visual Function","volume":"30","author":"Ashwini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.1284","article-title":"Visual Impairment and Blindness in Adults in the United States: Demographic and Geographic Variations From 2015 to 2050","volume":"134","author":"Varma","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-130426","article-title":"Assessment of Forward Head Posture in Females:Observational and Photo-Grammetry Methods","volume":"27","author":"Salahzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Back. Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Text Neck: An Adverse Postural Phenomenon","volume":"69","author":"Fiebert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.1669","article-title":"Effect of Duration of Smartphone Use on Muscle Fatigue and Pain Caused by Forward Head Posture in Adults","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2025, October 13). Statista Daily Time Spent with Digital Media According to U.S. Consumers. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/262340\/daily-time-spent-with-digital-media-according-to-us-consumsers\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2219_21","article-title":"Effect of Increased Screen Time on Eyes during COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Savitri, P.A., and Faidlullah, H.Z. (2022). Risk Factors and Prevalence of Forward Head Posture Complaints Due to Use of Devices during Pandemic. Annual Physiotherapy Scientific Meeting Proceeding, Ikatan Fisioterapi Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.802018","article-title":"Self-Reported Neck Symptoms and Use of Personal Computers, Laptops and Cell Phones among Finns Aged 18\u201365","volume":"56","author":"Korpinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21923","DOI":"10.2196\/21923","article-title":"Smartphone Overuse and Visual Impairment in Children and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"427","article-title":"Investigating the Association of Computer Vision Syndrome with Forward-Headed and Kyphotic Posture among Undergraduate Information Technology Students","volume":"18","author":"Noonari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mod. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2020.02.009","article-title":"Association between Excessive Smartphone Use and Cervical Disc Degeneration in Young Patients Suffering from Chronic Neck Pain","volume":"26","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000877","article-title":"Postural Consequences of Cervical Sagittal Imbalance: A Novel Laboratory Model","volume":"40","author":"Patwardhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2012.36.1.98","article-title":"The Effect of the Forward Head Posture on Postural Balance in Long Time Computer Based Worker","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"2941048","article-title":"The Influence of Natural Head Position on the Cervical Sagittal Alignment","volume":"2017","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Heal. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199212000-00001","article-title":"The Stabilizing System of the Spine. Part I. Function, Dysfunction, Adaptation, and Enhancement","volume":"5","author":"Panjabi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-867098","article-title":"Spinal Instability: The Orthopedic Approach","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauser, R.A., Matias, D., and Rawlings, B.R. (2025). Cervicovagopathy: Ligamentous Cervical Instability and Dysstructure as a Potential Etiology for Vagus Nerve Dysfunction in the Cause of Human Symptoms and Diseases. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1572863"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794829","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/794829","article-title":"The Role of the Craniocervical Junction in Craniospinal Hydrodynamics and Neurodegenerative Conditions","volume":"2015","author":"Flanagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676815","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Neuroimaging Findings in Internal Jugular Venous Outflow Disturbance","volume":"119","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12859","article-title":"Understanding jugular venous outflow disturbance","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2025.100577","article-title":"Internal jugular vein compression: A benign entity or an underappreciated phenomenon?","volume":"40","author":"Greene","year":"2025","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, M.N., Zhou, Y.Y., Hua, D.H., Yang, J.Y., Hu, M.L., and Xing, Y.Q. (2019). Vagal Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion In-Duced Retina Dysfunction in Acute Ocular Hypertension. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00087"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"2712","article-title":"Acute Bilateral Vision Deficit as the Initial Symptom in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Case Report","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000251312.19452.ec","article-title":"Fulminant idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"68","author":"Thambisetty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5644\/ama2006-124.380","article-title":"Text Neck Syndrome: Disentangling a New Epidemic","volume":"51","author":"Tsantili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Medica Acad."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.04.010","article-title":"Computer Vision Symptoms in People with and without Neck Pain","volume":"80","author":"Teo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Erg."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"303","article-title":"Computer Vision Syndrome: A Review","volume":"52","author":"Gowrisankaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11786302221111865","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302221111865","article-title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Computer Vision Syndrome Among Academic Staff in the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"16","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-022-00418-3","article-title":"Computer Vision Syndrome and Predictors among Computer Users in Ethiopia: A System-Atic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"50","author":"Adane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2466_20","article-title":"Computer Vision Syndrome among Saudi Population: An Evaluation of Prevalence and Risk Factors","volume":"10","author":"Turkistani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"258","article-title":"Ocular Effects of Whiplash","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"1963","journal-title":"Clevel. State Law Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.07.007","article-title":"Head and Neck Anthropometry, Vertebral Geometry and Neck Strength in Height-Matched Men and Women","volume":"41","author":"Vasavada","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2021.08838","article-title":"Computer Vision Syndrome: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Computer-Using Bank Workers in Pakistan","volume":"52","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asanad, S., Bayomi, M., and Brown, D. (2022). Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes and Their Manifestations in the Visual System. Front. Med. Lausanne, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.996458"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doolan, B.J., Lavallee, M.E., Hausser, I., Schubart, J.R., Pope, F.M., Seneviratne, S.L., Winship, I.M., and Burrows, N.P. (2023). Extracutaneous Features and Complications of the Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes: A Systemic Review. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1053466"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.03.023","article-title":"Ocular Features in Joint Hypermobility Syndrome\/Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type: A Clinical and in Vivo Confocal Microscopy Study","volume":"154","author":"Gharbiya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-023-02249-0","article-title":"Craniocervical Instability in Patients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes: Outcomes Analysis Following Occipito-Cervical Fusion","volume":"47","author":"Henderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751768","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/751768","article-title":"Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Hypermobility Type: An Underdiagnosed Hereditary Connective Tissue Disorder with Mucocutaneous, Articular, and Systemic Manifestations","volume":"2012","author":"Castori","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2014.01.005","article-title":"Characteristics of Visual Disturbances Reported by Subjects with Neck Pain","volume":"19","author":"Treleaven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000877","article-title":"Revisiting Risk-Stratified Whiplash-Exposed Patients 12 to 14 Years After Injury","volume":"36","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astrup, J., and Gyntelberg, F. (2022). The Whiplash Disease Reconsidered. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.821097"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-020-01642-2","article-title":"Visual Symptoms, Neck\/Shoulder Problems and Associated Factors among Sur-Geons Performing Minimally Invasive Surgeries (MIS): A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"94","author":"Alhusuny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08913-0","article-title":"The Relationship between Visual Impairments and Activity of the Neck\/Shoulder Muscles among Surgeons during Simulated Surgical Tasks","volume":"36","author":"Alhusuny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Kaiser, J.T., Reddy, V., Launico, M.V., and Lugo-Pico, J.G. (2023). Anatomy, Head and Neck: Cervical Vertebrae. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.21037\/jss.2020.01.10","article-title":"A Review of Cervical Spine Alignment in the Normal and De-Generative Spine","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/jcvjs.jcvjs_55_21","article-title":"Indicators of atlantoaxial instability","volume":"12","author":"Goel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Craniovertebral Junction Spine"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.02.007","article-title":"Cervical Lordosis: The Effect of Age and Gender","volume":"17","author":"Been","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"159","article-title":"Normal Cervical Alignment","volume":"23","author":"Radcliff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817b5bcf","article-title":"Head-Turned Postures Increase the Risk of Cervical Facet Capsule Injury during Whiplash","volume":"33","author":"Siegmund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23074","article-title":"Association between Cervical Lordotic Curvature and Cervical Muscle Cross-sectional Area in Patients with Loss of Cervical Lordosis","volume":"31","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1179\/106698105790824888","article-title":"Effectiveness of an Exercise Program to Improve Forward Head Posture in Normal Adults: A Randomized, Controlled 10-Week Trial","volume":"13","author":"Harman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36845","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036845","article-title":"Effects of Cervical Stabilization with Visual Feedback on Craniovertebral Angle and Pro-Prioception for the Subjects with Forward Head Posture","volume":"103","author":"Goo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1148\/74.5.806","article-title":"The Normal Cervical Lordosis","volume":"74","author":"Borden","year":"1960","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1723807","article-title":"Relationship of Change in Cervical Curvature after Laminectomy with Lateral Mass Screw Fixation to Spinal Cord Shift and Clinical Efficacy","volume":"83","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. Cent. Eur. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.107","article-title":"The Effect of Technological Devices on Cervical Lordosis","volume":"6","author":"Koban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_95_20","article-title":"Plausible Impact of Forward Head Posture on Upper Cervical Spine Stability","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"642","article-title":"Hauser\u2019s Laws on the Ligamentous Structural Causes of Chronic Disabling Symptoms of Human Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hauser","year":"2024","journal-title":"On. J. Neur. Br. Disord."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2018.03.002","article-title":"Cone Beam Computed Tomography","volume":"62","author":"Nasseh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565.e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2020.02.033","article-title":"Eagle Syndrome and Internal Carotid Artery Dissection: Description of Five Cases Treated in Two Italian Institutions and Review of the Literature","volume":"67","author":"Baldino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx249","article-title":"Cervical Spine Deformity\u2014Part 1: Biomechanics, Radiographic Parameters, and Classification","volume":"81","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Anderst, W. (2025, August 01). In Vivo Cervical Spine Kinematics, Arthrokinematics and Disc Loading in Asymptomatic Control Subjects and Anterior Fusion Patients. Available online: https:\/\/d-scholarship.pitt.edu\/22226\/1\/anderst_edt2014.pdf."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(02)00036-4","article-title":"Head Posture and Loading of the Cervical Spine","volume":"33","author":"Bonney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, D., Murphy, B.A., and Burkitt, J. (2023). Cervico-Ocular and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes in Subclinical Neck Pain and Healthy Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111603"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540305100206","article-title":"Muscle Spindles in the Deep Muscles of the Human Neck: A Morphological and Immunocytochemical Study","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2007.06.003","article-title":"Sensorimotor Disturbances in Neck Disorders Affecting Postural Stability, Head and Eye Movement Control","volume":"13","author":"Treleaven","year":"2008","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yang, L., Dai, C., and Peng, B. (2022). Proprioceptive Cervicogenic Dizziness: A Narrative Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216293"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001408010326","article-title":"Chronic Neck Pain: Making the Connection between Capsular Ligament Laxity and Cervical Instability","volume":"8","author":"Steilen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Orthop. J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2014.8.6.747","article-title":"Kinematic Analysis of the Cervical Cord and Cervical Canal by Dynamic Neck Motion","volume":"8","author":"Endo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography10020021","article-title":"Differential Assessment of Internal Jugular Vein Stenosis in Patients Undergoing CT and MRI with Contrast","volume":"10","author":"Abdalkader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.21045","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Vagus Nerve Variations on Neck Ultrasonography","volume":"41","author":"Ahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.3.1760745","article-title":"Sonography of the Cervical Vagus Nerve: Normal Appearance and Abnormal Findings","volume":"176","author":"Giovagnorio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000856","article-title":"Sonographic Reference Values of Vagus Nerve: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Abdelnaby","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25993","article-title":"Sonographic Evaluation of the Vagus Nerves: Protocol, Reference Values, and Side-to-Side Differences","volume":"57","author":"Pelz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.12.666","article-title":"An Ultrasonographic Technique to Assess the Jugular Venous Pulse: A Proof of Concept","volume":"41","author":"Sisini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.java.2014.11.002","article-title":"Right Internal Jugular Vein Cross-Sectional Area: Is There an Optimal Level for Cannulation?","volume":"20","author":"Aljure","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2012.10.007","article-title":"Clinical Significance of the Cross-Sectional Area of the Internal Jugular Vein","volume":"27","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R197","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8200","article-title":"Estimation of the Diameter and Cross-Sectional Area of the Internal Jugular Veins in Adult Patients","volume":"13","author":"Seguin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.14689","article-title":"Variability in the Cross-Sectional Area and Narrowing of the Internal Jugular Vein in Patients Without Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"206","author":"Buch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-7698","article-title":"Styloidogenic-Cervical Spondylotic Internal Jugular Venous Compression, a Vascular Disease Related to Several Clinical Neurological Manifestations: Diagnosis and Treatment\u2014A Comprehensive Literature Review","volume":"9","author":"Scerrati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70442-2","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Ball","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.2_Part_1.239","article-title":"Symptoms and Disease Associations in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri): A Case-Control Study","volume":"41","author":"Giuseffi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365-e13","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13512","article-title":"Intracranial Hypertension Induced by Internal Jugular Vein Stenosis can be Resolved by Stenting","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-004-1213-3","article-title":"How Does the Blood Leave the Brain? A Systematic Ultrasound Analysis of Cerebral Venous Drainage Patterns","volume":"46","author":"Doepp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14375","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14375","article-title":"Assessing Lymphatic Route of CSF Outflow and Peripheral Lymphatic Contractile Activity during Head-down Tilt Using near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging","volume":"8","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(22)01669-4","article-title":"The Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Lesions of the Occipito-Atlanto-Axial Segment","volume":"11","author":"Shapiro","year":"1973","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111304","article-title":"Invasive surgical management of cervical internal jugular venous compression: A literature review","volume":"137","author":"Petersingham","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00782.2002","article-title":"Extrajugular Pathways of Human Cerebral Venous Blood Drainage Assessed by Duplex Ultrasound","volume":"94","author":"Schreiber","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13148","article-title":"Cervical Spondylotic Internal Jugular Venous Compression Syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2953","article-title":"Incidence of Extrinsic Compression of the Internal Jugular Vein in Unselected Patients Undergoing CT Angiography","volume":"33","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"8379","article-title":"Cerebral venous drainage through internal jugular vein","volume":"8","author":"Mohammed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veins Lymphat-Ics"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"e932035","article-title":"Stylo-Jugular Venous Compression Syndrome: Lessons Based on a Case Report","volume":"22","author":"Farina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"e7445","article-title":"Dynamic Internal Jugular Vein Compression by Hypertrophic Hyoid Bone: Management and out-Comes","volume":"12","author":"Oushy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"197","article-title":"Prevalence of Extracranial Venous Abnormalities: Results from a Sample of 586 Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"26","author":"Simka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Funct. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23264","article-title":"Investigating the Time-Lapsed Effects of Rigid Cervical Collars on the Dimensions of the Internal Jugular Vein","volume":"32","author":"Kroeker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.8.946","article-title":"Effect of a Tight Necktie on Intraocular Pressure","volume":"87","author":"Teng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.049924","article-title":"Impact Factors on Intraocular Pressure Measurements in Healthy Subjects","volume":"88","author":"Theelen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-21-81","article-title":"The Measurement of Tissue Interface Pressures and Changes in Jugular Venous Parameters Associated with Cervical Immobilisation Devices: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Sparke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma. Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(99)90044-X","article-title":"Cervical collar-induced changes in intracranial pressure","volume":"17","author":"Kolb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-22-37","article-title":"Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Cervical Trauma Collars: Differences in Immobilization, Effect on Jugular Venous Pressure, and Patient Comfort","volume":"22","author":"Karason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma. Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19740","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019740","article-title":"Effect of 5 Different Cervical Collars on Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter: A Randomized Crossover Trial","volume":"99","author":"Ladny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000490","article-title":"Increase in Intracranial Pressure by Application of a Rigid Cervical Collar: A Pilot Study in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"25","author":"Maissan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03482.x","article-title":"Effects of the Cervical Collar on Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure","volume":"49","author":"Raphael","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858417691030","article-title":"The Glymphatic Pathway: Waste Removal from the CNS via Cerebrospinal Fluid Transport","volume":"23","author":"Benveniste","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Massa, R.N., Minutello, K., and Mesfin, F.B. (2023). Neuroanatomy, Cavernous Sinus, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Ocular Circulation","volume":"3","author":"Kiel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloq. Ser. Integr. Syst. Physiol. Mol. Funct."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2407_19","article-title":"Elevated Episcleral Venous Pressure and Its Implications: A Case of Radius-Maumenee Syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Tejaswini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(77)80009-2","article-title":"The Structural Basis of the Blood-Ocular Barriers","volume":"25","author":"Raviola","year":"1977","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101004010052","article-title":"Aqueous Humor Dynamics: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Goel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol. J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1805769","article-title":"The Effects of Acute Intracranial Pressure Changes on the Episcleral Venous Pressure, Retinal Vein Diameter, and Intraocular Pressure in a Pig Model","volume":"46","author":"Ghate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5151","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22154","article-title":"Effect of Body Position on Epsicleral Venous Pressure in Healthy Subjects","volume":"58","author":"Arora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"417","article-title":"Uveoscleral Drainage of Aqueous Humor: Physiology and Pharmacology","volume":"312","author":"Bill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4105","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13611","article-title":"Intraocular Pressure, Blood Pressure, and Retinal Blood Flow Autoregulation: A Mathematical Model to Clarify Their Relationship and Clinical Relevance","volume":"55","author":"Guidoboni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_756_22","article-title":"Commentary: Idiopathic Elevated Episcleral Venous Pressure\u2014Tension with Twisted Tortuousity","volume":"70","author":"Ichhpujani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Mallemat, H.A., and Winters, E.M. (2013). Emergency Medicine, Saunders."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v16.i2.73","article-title":"Seeing beneath the Surface: Harnessing Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Internal Jugular Vein Evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Chayapinun","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20856","article-title":"The Relation between Intracranial and Intraocular Pressures: Study of 50 Patients","volume":"59","author":"Sajjadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.4.JNS13932","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Intraocular Pressure Measurement for the Detection of Raised In-Tracraial Pressure: Meta-Analysis: A Systematic Review","volume":"121","author":"Yavin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-023-00423-6","article-title":"Large-Scale Morphometry of the Subarachnoid Space of the Optic Nerve","volume":"20","author":"Rossinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4784","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22290","article-title":"Evidence for Cerebrospinal Fluid Entry into the Optic Nerve via a Glymphatic Pathway","volume":"58","author":"Mathieu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.BC_3_18","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?","volume":"4","author":"Khasawneh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"29","article-title":"The Effect of Atlas Anterior Translation and Rotation on Axis Canal Size. A Computer-Assisted Anatomic Study","volume":"27","author":"Ebraheim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"e88066","article-title":"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Without Papilledema: A Case Emphasizing the Diagnostic Value of Optic Nerve Sheath Ultrasound","volume":"17","author":"Swapnil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22488","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure: Revisiting Factors Influencing Optic Nerve Head Biome-Chanics","volume":"59","author":"Hua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.10.014","article-title":"Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in neurodegenerative, neurovascular and neuroinflamma-tory disease","volume":"1862","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw3210","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw3210","article-title":"An Ocular Glymphatic Clearance System Removes \u03b2-Amyloid from the Rodent Eye","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng, J., Li, Q., Liu, T., and Wang, X. (2022). Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics along the Optic Nerve. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.931523"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000643","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Reduction Results in Dynamic Changes in Optic Nerve Angle on Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0710","article-title":"Prevalence of Incidentally Detected Signs of Intra-Cranial Hypertension on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Their Association with Papilledema","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2420138","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.20138","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension","volume":"7","author":"Beier","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-199812000-00005","article-title":"Elevated Intracranial Pressure and Pseudotumor Cerebri","volume":"9","author":"Brazis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.11.007","article-title":"Papilledema: A Review of Etiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"67","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x-anp-2021-0136","article-title":"Measuring Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Using Ultrasonography in Patients with Idiopathic Intracra-Nial Hypertension","volume":"80","author":"Ekici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"Richards, E., Munakomi, S., and Mathew, D. (2023). Optic Nerve Sheath Ultrasound. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malky, I.E., Aita, W.E., and Elkordy, A. (2025). Optic Nerve Sonographic Parameters in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension, Case-Control Study. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-85033-4"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4225","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4225","article-title":"Diagnosis of Elevated Intracranial Pressure in Critically Ill Adults: Systematic Re-View and Meta-Analysis","volume":"366","author":"Fernando","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0257-8","article-title":"Papilledema: Are We Any Nearer to a Consensus on Pathogenesis and Treatment?","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2020.1751859","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Evaluation of the Effects of Idiopathic Intracranial Hy-Pertension on the Optic Nerves","volume":"44","author":"Elsaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510200003001","article-title":"Visual Loss in Pseudotumor Cerebri. Follow-up of 57 Patients from Five to 41 Years and a Profile of 14 Patients with Permanent Severe Visual Loss","volume":"39","author":"Corbett","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"117","article-title":"Comparison of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameters Measured by Optic Ultrasonography Before and After Lumbar Puncture in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Patients","volume":"60","year":"2023","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr. Ars."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, S.J., Henkes, E., Gounis, M.J., Felber, S., Ganslandt, O., and Henkes, H. (2023). Non-Invasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062209"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00253-4","article-title":"Reference Values for Intracranial Pressure and Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Norager","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0797-6","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the Optic Nerve Sheath May Be Useful for Detecting Raised Intra-Cranial Pressure after Severe Brain Injury","volume":"33","author":"Geeraerts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Li, Q., Wang, X., and Fan, Y. (2022). A Review of the Methods of Non-Invasive Assessment of Intracranial Pressure through Ocular Measurement. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9070304"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002353","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2023-002353","article-title":"Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter as a Non-Invasive Tool to Detect Clinically Relevant Raised Intracranial Pressure in Children: An Observational Analytical Study","volume":"8","author":"Bansal","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.11.003","article-title":"Under Pressure: Cerebrospinal Fluid Contribution to the Physiological Homeo-Stasis of the Eye","volume":"102","author":"Mirra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04076-y","article-title":"Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Asymmetry in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Intra-Cranial Hypertension","volume":"41","author":"Naldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04015-x","article-title":"Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter: Present and Future Perspectives for Neurologists and Critical Care Physicians","volume":"40","author":"Lochner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2020.3272","article-title":"Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Cutoff Point for Detection of Increased Intracranial Pressure in the Emergency Department","volume":"8","author":"Ussahgij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400918789385","article-title":"Optic Nerve Sonographic Examination to Predict Raised In-Tracranial Pressure in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: The Cut-off Points","volume":"31","author":"Kishk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.J., Choi, M.H., and Lee, S.E. (2020). Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Change in Prediction of Malignant Cerebral Edema in Ischemic Stroke: An Observational Study. BMC Neurol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01931-w"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2224-2","article-title":"Ultrasonography of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter for Detection of Raised Intracranial Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Dubourg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.7.1340","article-title":"Impaired Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation in Carotid Artery Stenosis","volume":"28","author":"White","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1179\/106698109790818160","article-title":"Vertebral Artery Blood Flow Velocity Changes Associated with Cervical Spine Rotation: A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence with Implications for Professional Practice","volume":"17","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v8.i7.383","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography: From Methodology to Major Clinical Applications","volume":"8","author":"Conte","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.33.12.2131","article-title":"Middle Cerebral Arterial Flow Changes on Transcranial Color and Spectral Doppler So-Nography in Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710086","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler for Monitoring and Evaluation of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Pradeep","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural. Pract."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, C.N., Baracchini, C., Mejia-Mantilla, J.H., Czosnyka, M., Suarez, J.I., Csiba, L., Puppo, C., and Bartels, E. (2022). Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Pulsatility Index: Utility and Clinical Interpre-tation. Neurosonology in Critical Care, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81419-9"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3399477","article-title":"Pulsatility Index Reflects Intracranial Pressure Better than Resistive Index in Patients with Clinical Features of Intracranial Hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Kaloria","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural. Pract."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278768","article-title":"Intracranial Pressure Modulates Aqueous Humour Dynamics of the Eye","volume":"598","author":"Ficarrotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-021-00267-z","article-title":"Intracranial Pressure and Its Relationship to Glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"VanderZee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Ophthalmol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Yang, Y., Lu, Y., Liu, D., Xu, E., Jia, J., Yang, D., Zhang, X., Yang, H., and Ma, D. (2012). Intraocular Pressure vs Intracranial Pressure in Disease Conditions: A Prospective Cohort Study (Beijing iCOP Study). BMC Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-66"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2003.12.006","article-title":"The Relationship of Intraocular Pressure to Intracranial Pressure","volume":"43","author":"Lashutka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"71","article-title":"Intracranial Pressure and Its Relationship to Glaucoma: Current Understanding and Future Directions","volume":"4","author":"Fautsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Hypothesis Discov. Innov. Ophthalmol. J."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2298\/MPNS1202013B","article-title":"Effect of a Tight Necktie on Intraocular Pressure","volume":"65","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Pregl."},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"249","article-title":"Physiological Variations in the Intraocular Pressure","volume":"79","author":"Bain","year":"1959","journal-title":"Trans. Opthalmol Soc. UK"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00824341","article-title":"Conduction Velocity, Size and Distribution of Optic Nerve Axons in the Turtle, Pseudemys Scripta Elegans","volume":"174","author":"Woodbury","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(69)90077-8","article-title":"Conduction Velocity of Rat Optic Nerve Fibers","volume":"12","author":"Sumitomo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1004-1","article-title":"The Effect of CSF Drain on the Optic Nerve in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"1419","article-title":"The Correlation between Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure and Retrolaminar Tissue Pressure","volume":"39","author":"Morgan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000354","article-title":"Lamina Cribrosa in Glaucoma","volume":"28","author":"Downs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v16i2.9080","article-title":"Translaminar Pressure Difference and Ocular Perfusion Pressure in Glaucomatous Eyes with Different Optic Disc Sizes","volume":"16","author":"Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000342157","article-title":"Hemodynamic Interactions in the Eye: A Review","volume":"228","author":"Golzan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.06.058","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure in Glaucoma","volume":"117","author":"Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901260109","article-title":"Hematic and Fluid Barriers in the Optic Nerve","volume":"126","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spurlock, M., An, W., and Reshetnikova, G. (2023). The Inflammasome-Dependent Dysfunction and Death of Retinal Ganglion Cells after Repetitive Intraocular Pressure Spikes. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1945.v1"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.08.020","article-title":"Peripapillary Sclera Architecture Revisited: A Tangential Fiber Model and Its Biomechanical Implications","volume":"79","author":"Voorhees","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108809","article-title":"Interplay between Intraocular and Intracranial Pressure Effects on the Optic Nerve Head in Vivo","volume":"213","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.127","article-title":"Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Translaminar Pressure Difference in Open-Angle Glaucoma","volume":"29","author":"Siaudvytyte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye Lond."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0174","article-title":"Anatomic Relationship between Lamina Cribrosa, Intraocular Space, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Space","volume":"44","author":"Jonas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-020-00210-6","article-title":"Advances in myopia research anatomical findings in highly myopic eyes","volume":"7","author":"Jonas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Vis. Lond."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.04.008","article-title":"Glaucoma as a Dangerous Interplay between Ocular Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid","volume":"127","author":"Wostyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.6.777","article-title":"Architecture of Arachnoid Trabeculae, Pillars, and Septa in the Subarachnoid Space of the Human Optic Nerve: Anatomy and Clinical Considerations","volume":"87","author":"Killer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-023-00506-4","article-title":"Large Molecules from the Cerebrospinal Fluid Enter the Optic Nerve but Not the Retina of Mice","volume":"21","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, W., Huang, J., and Fang, W. (2022). Optic Nerve Head: A Gatekeeper for Vitreous Infectious Insults?. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.987771"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tram, N.K., and Swindle-Reilly, K.E. (2018). Rheological Properties and Age-Related Changes of the Human Vitreous Humor. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00199"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Ren, T., and Wang, N. (2023). Biomechanical Homeostasis in Ocular Diseases: A Mini-Review. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1106728"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.12.004","article-title":"Aqueous Outflow- A Continuum from Trabecular Meshwork to Episcleral Veins","volume":"57","author":"Carreon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152488","article-title":"Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation Conditions Increased Invigoration and Wanting in Depression","volume":"132","author":"Ferstl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01556-y","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Biomarkers in Different Chambers of the Eye Relative to Plasma: An Agreement Validation Study","volume":"16","author":"Sampani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31875-5","article-title":"Blood-Aqueous Barrier in Eyes with Retinal Vein Occlusion","volume":"99","author":"Miyake","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.016","article-title":"Retinal Manifestations of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Nichani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natale, G., Limanaqi, F., and Busceti, C.L. (2021). Glymphatic System as a Gateway to Connect Neurodegeneration From Periphery to CNS. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.639140"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tisi, A., Feligioni, M., Passacantando, M., Ciancaglini, M., and Maccarone, R. (2021). The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Blood-Retinal Barrier Physiology in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010064"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001015","article-title":"Blood-Retinal Barrier as a Converging Pivot in Understanding the Initiation and Development of Retinal Diseases","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. Engl."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5301\/EJO.2010.6049","article-title":"Blood-retinal barrier","volume":"21","author":"Bernardes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haydinger, C.D., Ferreira, L.B., Williams, K.A., and Smith, J. (2023). Mechanisms of Macular Edema. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1128811"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002136712070","article-title":"Cellular Mechanisms of Blood-Retinal Barrier Dys-Function in Macular Edema","volume":"97","author":"Vinores","year":"1999","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.5.280","article-title":"Aqueous Flare and Cells in Eyes with Retinal Vein Occlusion\u2013Correlation with Retinal Fluorescein Angiographic Findings","volume":"77","author":"Nguyen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050160110024","article-title":"Measurement of Blood-Retinal Barrier Function in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion","volume":"104","author":"Chahal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000455265","article-title":"Mechanisms of Retinal Fluid Accumulation and Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown","volume":"58","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmetterer, L. (2015). Retinal Vasculature Structure and Function. Acta Ophthalmol., 93.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2015.0147"},{"key":"ref_241","unstructured":"Azzam, D., Cypen, S., and Tao, J. (2023). Anatomy, Head and Neck: Eye Ophthalmic Vein, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_242","unstructured":"Sunderland, D.K., and Sapra, A. (2023). Aqueous Humor Circulation in StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13591","article-title":"Inflammation-Related Cytokines of Aqueous Humor in Acute Primary Angle-Closure Eyes","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4314\/jnoa.v25i1.3","article-title":"Glaucoma\u2014A Disease of Multiple Pressures; New Glaucoma Pressures Discovered","volume":"25","author":"Philips","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Niger. Optom. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21899","article-title":"Glaucoma in Adults-Screening, Diagnosis, and Management: A Review","volume":"325","author":"Stein","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.03.064","article-title":"Retinal Ganglion Cell Death in Glaucoma: Exploring the Role of Neuroinflammation","volume":"787","author":"Russo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2011.03.002","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"128","author":"Sakka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100773","article-title":"Scleral Structure and Biomechanics","volume":"74","author":"Boote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"59","article-title":"Measurements of the Compressive Properties of Scleral Tissue","volume":"25","author":"Battaglioli","year":"1984","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132039","article-title":"Choroidal Thinning as a New Finding in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Evidence from Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"40","author":"Gharbiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316169","article-title":"Progressive Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thinning and Choroidal Microvasculature Dropout at the Location of Disc Haemorrhage in Glaucoma","volume":"105","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Glaucoma: A Review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_253","unstructured":"Nguyen, J.D., and Anatomy, D.H. (2023). Head and Neck: Eye Nerves. StatPearls, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00603.x","article-title":"Autonomic Control of the Eye","volume":"5","author":"McDougal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F., Zhao, Y., and Zhang, H. (2022). Ocular Autonomic Nervous System: An Update from Anatomy to Physiological Functions. Vision, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vision6010006"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepehri, S., Sheikhhoseini, R., Piri, H., and Sayyadi, P. (2024). The Effect of Various Therapeutic Exercises on Forward Head Posture, Round-ed Shoulder, and Hyperkyphosis among People with Upper Crossed Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07224-4"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2017.04.003","article-title":"Comparison of Cervical Muscle Thickness Between Asymptomatic Women with and without Forward Head Posture","volume":"21","author":"Bokaee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_258","first-page":"e3831","article-title":"A Case of Ophthalmic Branch Trigeminal Neuralgia in the Emergency Department","volume":"11","author":"Copp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13402","article-title":"Long-Term Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation as a Treatment for Ocular Pain","volume":"24","author":"Mehra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref_260","unstructured":"Montes, T.L., Gurnani, B., and Stokkermans, T.J. (2024). Assessment of the Watery Eye. StatPearls, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_261","first-page":"261","article-title":"Accommodative and Pupillary Dysfunctions in Concussion\/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review","volume":"50","author":"Thiagarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S224216","article-title":"Accommodative Insufficiency: Prevalence, Impact and Treatment Options","volume":"12","author":"Hussaindeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Optom. Auckl."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.24","article-title":"The Effect of Cervical Sympathectomy on Retinal Vessel Responses to Systemic Autonomic Stimulation","volume":"4","author":"Lanigan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","article-title":"Neural control of choroidal blood flow","volume":"64","author":"Reiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm031641","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.031641","article-title":"Superior Cervical Gangliectomy Induces Non-Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Dieguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1997.19010147.x","article-title":"Communication between the Superior Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion and the Inferior Laryngeal Nerve","volume":"190","author":"Sato","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091390312","article-title":"The Numbers of Nerve Fibers in the Vagus Nerve in Man","volume":"139","author":"Hoffman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23728","article-title":"The Cellular Composition and Glia-Neuron Ratio in the Spinal Cord of a Human and a Non-Human Primate: Comparison With Other Species and Brain Regions","volume":"301","author":"Bahney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8024171","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8024171","article-title":"The Enteric Nervous System and Its Emerging Role as a Therapeutic Target","volume":"2020","author":"Fleming","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.104","article-title":"Reference Values for the Cross-Sectional Area of the Vagus Nerve in Healthy Subjects\u2014A High-Resolution Ultrasound Study","volume":"128","author":"Belau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_271","first-page":"369","article-title":"Measurements of the Normal Cervical Spinal Cord on MR Imaging","volume":"11","author":"Sherman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5564.529","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal and Vagal Neuralgia","volume":"3","author":"Chawla","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2016.02.001","article-title":"Vagoglossopharyngeal Neuraligia Revealed through Predominant Digestive Vagal Manifestations. Case report and literature review","volume":"62","author":"Anterieu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochirugie"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mul Fedele, M.L., Galiana, M.D., Golombek, D.A., Mu\u00f1oz, E.M., and Plano, S.A. (2018). Alterations in Metabolism and Diurnal Rhythms Following Bilateral Surgical Removal of the Superior Cervical Ganglia in Rats. Front. Endocrinol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00370"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01253092","article-title":"The sympathetic superior cervical ganglia as peripheral neuroendocrine centers","volume":"52","author":"Cardinali","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00144735","article-title":"Influence of Vasospasm on Visual Function","volume":"66","author":"Gasser","year":"1987","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1878-5085-4-14","article-title":"The Primary Vascular Dysregulation Syndrome: Implications for Eye Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Flammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5032","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24954","article-title":"Defective Choroidal Blood Flow Baroregulation and Retinal Dysfunction and Pathology Following Sympathetic Denervation of Choroid","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gufoni, M., and Casani, A.P. (2023). The Pupillary (Hippus) Nystagmus\u201d: A Possible Clinical Hallmark to Support the Diagnosis of Vestibular Migraine. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051957"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, A., Beckers, E., and Joris, V. (2024). Locus Coeruleus Features Are Linked to Vagus Nerve Stimulation Response in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. Front. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1296161"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.05.008","article-title":"External Stimulation of the Trigeminal Nerve Causes Pupil Dilation in Healthy Volunteers, Suggesting Locus Coeruleus Modulation","volume":"17","author":"Seminck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_282","unstructured":"Feroze, K.B., Gurnani, B., and O\u2019Rourke, M.C. (2024). Transient Loss of Vision. StatPearls, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979004100306","article-title":"Do vasospasms provoke ocular diseases?","volume":"41","author":"Gasser","year":"1990","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00028-8","article-title":"Vasospasm, Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Diseases with Particular Reference to the Eye","volume":"20","author":"Flammer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1045998","article-title":"Teil 4: Klinische Beispiele [Ocular vasospasm. 4: Clinical examples]","volume":"198","author":"Flammer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.10.JNS241643","article-title":"Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Mitigation of Inflammation and Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Single-Institution Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"24","author":"Huguenard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.05.002","article-title":"Why Neurodegenerative Diseases Are Progressive: Uncontrolled Inflammation Drives Disease Progression","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2001.172","article-title":"Protein Aggregation","volume":"39","author":"Merlini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blasiak, J., Pawlowska, E., Szczepanska, J., and Kaarniranta, K. (2019). Interplay between Autophagy and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010210"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greiner, J.V., and Glonek, T. (2023). Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Protein Aggregation in Age-Related Vision-Threatening Ocular Diseases. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13101100"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-015-0176-4","article-title":"Biophysical chemistry of the ageing eye lens","volume":"7","author":"Ray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moustafa, I.M., Diab, A.A., Hegazy, F., and Harrison, D.E. (2021). Demonstration of Central Conduction Time and Neuroplastic Changes after Cervical Lordosis Rehabilitation in Asymptomatic Subjects: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94548-z"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.34.759","article-title":"Structural Rehabilitation of the Cervical Lordosis and Forward Head Posture: A Selective Review of Chiropractic BioPhysics\u00ae Case Reports","volume":"34","author":"Oakley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_294","unstructured":"Gustav, A. (1993). Ligament and Tendon Relaxation Treated by Prolotherapy, Hemwall. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldab004","article-title":"Prolotherapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Review of Literature","volume":"138","author":"Giordano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_296","first-page":"967","article-title":"Joint Stabilization an Experimental, Histologic Study with Comments on the Clinical Application in Ligament Proliferation","volume":"89","author":"Hackett","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/03008208309004846","article-title":"An Insitu Study of the Influence of a Sclerosing Solution in Rabbit Medial Collateral Ligaments and Its Junction Strength","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"1983","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_298","first-page":"123","article-title":"Proliferant Injections for low Back Pain Histologic Changes of Injected Ligaments and Objective Measurements of Lumbar Spine Mobility before and after Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Klein","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neuro Ortho Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874943701306010001","article-title":"Ligament Injury and Healing: A Review of Current Clinical Diagnostics and Therapeutics","volume":"6","author":"Hauser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Rehabil. J."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kami\u0144ska, A., Pinkas, J., Wrze\u015bniewska-Wal, I., Ostrowski, J., and Jankowski, M. (2023). Awareness of Common Eye Diseases and Their Risk Factors-A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey among Adults in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043594"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pie\u0144czykowska, K., Bryl, A., and Mrugacz, M. (2025). Link Between Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and Eye Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052174"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/20\/2650\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:38:22Z","timestamp":1761057502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/20\/2650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":301,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15202650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15202650","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]}}}