{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:27:26Z","timestamp":1785439646747,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA) are common allergic diseases in early childhood. AD may be concomitant with FA, particularly in young children. Although studies report the prevalence of FA in children with AD, there is insufficient data regarding different phenotypes of FA. Objective: The aim of our research was to determine the prevalence and clinical predictors of different phenotypes of concomitant FA in children with AD. Methods: This cross-sectional multicenter study included patients younger than 24 months old diagnosed with AD, recruited from 14 pediatric allergy centers. Patients were categorized into two groups using skin testing, allergen-specific IgE, and ultimately food challenge testing (FCT): those with FA and those without. Individuals with FA were classified into three distinct phenotypes: IgE-mediated, non-IgE-mediated, and concurrent IgE- and non-IgE-mediated. Results: The data of 530 children [59% male, median-age 7 months (IQR: 5\u201311)] were analyzed. IgE-mediated FA was found in 28.1% of participants, whereas 22.4% (n = 119\/530) exhibited non-IgE-mediated FA. Concurrent IgE- and non-IgE-mediated FA was reported in 12.1% (n = 64\/530) of patients. Cow\u2019s milk (69.6%) and egg-white (68.9%) were identified as the most prevalent allergens. Cow\u2019s milk was primarily responsible for non-IgE-mediated and egg-white for IgE-mediated FA. The most significant predictors of FA were severe AD and the presence of blood in stool with odds ratios of 8.25 (95% Cl: 3.04\u201322.39) and 10.04 (95% CI: 2.03\u201349.59), respectively (p &lt; 0.01) (p &lt; 0.005). Conclusions: The study\u2019s findings indicate that children with early-onset and mild-to-moderate AD deserve to be comprehensively assessed for FA symptoms. The most significant indicators of concomitant FA in AD patients were the presence of blood in stool and severe AD. It is important to consider that those who exhibit IgE-mediated FA may also have concurrent non-IgE-mediated FA. We underline that it is important to consider that children with AD who exhibit IgE-mediated FA may also have concurrent non-IgE-mediated FA. Addressing these symptoms may assist healthcare practitioners in clinical practice to improve the quality of care for AD patients having FA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15202656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:24:02Z","timestamp":1761056642000},"page":"2656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phenotypes of Food Allergies in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Aged Under 24 Months: A Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mujde Tuba","family":"Cogurlu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Sakarya Training and Research Hospital, 54100 Sakarya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metin","family":"Aydogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, 41000 Kocaeli, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Cavkaytar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinar","family":"Uysal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09000 Aydin, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9244-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazal Cansu","family":"Culpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nalan","family":"Yakici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Teknik University, 61000 Trabzon, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep Hizli","family":"Demirkale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erdem","family":"Topal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44000 Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Yuksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, 45000 Manisa, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sezin","family":"Aydemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nursen","family":"Cigerci Gunaydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nam\u0131k Kemal University, 59000 Tekirdag, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cigdem","family":"Aydogmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukru","family":"Cekic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, 16000 Bursa, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Akkelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Medical Park Hospital, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuba","family":"Tuncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, \u0130zmir Katip Celebi University, 34000 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isil","family":"Eser Simsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, 41000 Kocaeli, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Arga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep \u00dclker","family":"Altinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44000 Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayca","family":"Kiykim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse","family":"Suleyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nermin","family":"Guler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esra","family":"Yucel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haluk","family":"Cokugras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nihat","family":"Sapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, 16000 Bursa, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hikmet Tekin","family":"Nacaroglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adem","family":"Yasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, 45000 Manisa, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7655-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yakup","family":"Yesil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonca","family":"Hancioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, 55000 Samsun, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Recep","family":"Sancak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, 55000 Samsun, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Sarper","family":"Erdogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oner","family":"Ozdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, 34000 Sakarya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cevdet","family":"Ozdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazil","family":"Orhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Teknik University, 61000 Trabzon, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396315666191111122436","article-title":"Relationship Between Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy","volume":"16","author":"Plaza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.03.019","article-title":"The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children with food allergy","volume":"122","author":"Samady","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2515094","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.15094","article-title":"Phenotypes of Atopic Dermatitis and Development of Allergic Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Sitarik","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13422","article-title":"Food allergy and hypersensitivity reactions in children and adults\u2014A review","volume":"291","author":"Tedner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AAAAI\/ACAAI JTF Atopic Dermatitis Guideline Panel, Chu, D.K., Schneider, L., Asiniwasis, R.N., Boguniewicz, M., De Benedetto, A., Ellison, K., Frazier, W.T., Greenhawt, M., and Huynh, J. (2024). Atopic dermatitis (eczema) guidelines: 2023 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology\/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Joint Task Force on practice parameters GRADE\u2013 and Institute of Medicine\u2013based recommendations. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 132, 274\u2013312.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.11.009"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2025.100556","article-title":"Global Network of Centres of Excellence for Anaphylaxis & Food Allergy\u2014ANAcare. Diagnosing IgE-mediated food allergy: How to apply the latest guidelines in clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Venter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 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