{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T01:42:22Z","timestamp":1791769342947,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaf","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["538209205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538209205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018866","name":"Paula and Rodger Riney Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001253","name":"Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001253","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DK040561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK040561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To determine the association of body composition (BC) in smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) with time to progression (TTP) to MM. Methods: The quantity and quality of adipose and muscle tissue were retrospectively derived from 63 whole-body low-dose computed tomography (WBLDCT) scans between 2017 and 2021. BC was analyzed by segmenting a single axial image at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebrae. Subjects were grouped into below vs. above the sex-specific median for BC metrics. Clinical information including TTP and progression risk factors were recorded. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the association between BC metrics and TTP. BC groups were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Fisher\u2019s exact test. Results: Thirty subjects progressed over a median follow-up of 49.2 months. For subjects with a subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) cross-sectional area (CSA) below vs. above the median, TTP was 24.8 vs. not reached (p = 0.02). Similarly, TTP was 20.7 vs. not reached (p = 0.01) for those with SAT CSA indexed to height below vs. above the median. High SAT CSA (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.42 [95%CI: 0.20\u20130.90], p = 0.03) and high SAT index (HR: 0.39 [95%CI: 0.18\u20130.83], p = 0.01) were both associated with a lower progression risk. High SAT index remained significantly associated with reduced progression risk in multivariate analysis (p = 0.03). There was no association between TTP and obesity (BMI \u2265 30 kg\/m2) or muscle metrics. High SAT CSA and index were associated with younger age and higher hemoglobin levels. Conclusions: SAT quantity might serve as a prognostic marker for progression in SMM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15212760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:55:22Z","timestamp":1762178122000},"page":"2760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Body Composition Metrics Associated with Time to Progression in Smoldering Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0896-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Division of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6317-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian A.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn E.","family":"Galdamez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Metabolic Imaging Core, Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6838-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivanna","family":"Zorgno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Metabolic Imaging Core, Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Habibollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Yale New Haven Health- Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT 06610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6974-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amine","family":"El Kandoussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0119-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian J.","family":"Fintelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6462-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Erik","family":"Tonnesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lubeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4341-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Sophia W.","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8880-7292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Graeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-9658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert D.","family":"Boutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Lenchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua N.","family":"Gustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Multiple Myeloma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7588-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Staffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3066-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noopur","family":"Raje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Multiple Myeloma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1304-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connie Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17046","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.46","article-title":"Multiple myeloma","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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