{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T16:34:59Z","timestamp":1792859699223,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Taiwan","award":["MOST 106-2410-H-039-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2410-H-039-008"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Taiwan","award":["MOST 107-2314-B-039-065-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2314-B-039-065-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Taiwan","award":["MOST 109-2121-M-039-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2121-M-039-001"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Taiwan","award":["MOST 110-2121-M-039-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2121-M-039-001"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-2121-C-039-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2121-C-039-002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CMU113-S-54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU113-S-54"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CMU110-MF-111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU110-MF-111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CMU111-MF-116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU111-MF-116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Fatality of cirrhotic patients greatly increases when they progress to the decompensated state. Only a few studies to date have applied machine learning (ML) methods to predict decompensation in cirrhosis patients. In the present study, we attempted to apply self-developed ML models for validating their capability of predicting different complications in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis patients. Methods: Data were extracted from electronic health records of 50,047 patients who were tested and diagnosed with HBV in a tertiary hospital. Four different algorithms (Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF)) were utilized, and a total of 32 ML models were trained and tested to predict variceal bleeding, ascites, jaundice, and multiple complications (\u22652 complications) in HBV-related cirrhosis patients. The use of two antiviral drugs were considered: entecavir (ETV) and lamivudine (LAM). Performance of the models was assessed using area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and accuracy score. Results: SVM and RF classifications produced the best overall predictions for decompensation in HBV-related cirrhosis patients, with AUROCs ranging from 0.85 to 0.93 and accuracy scores between 0.77 to 0.88 for ascites, jaundice, and multiple complications. The SVM and LR algorithms generated the best performance in differentiating ascites among ETV users, with AUROC of 0.93 and 0.92 and accuracy of 0.88 and 0.86, respectively. Antiviral treatment (type, length of use, adherence), and other routinely collected clinical information may serve as informative markers in differentiating decompensated cirrhosis. Conclusions: ML-based prediction of decompensation using electronic health records may assist clinicians in decision making. Findings of this study also underline the impact of antiviral therapy as a key predictor for decompensation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15212790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T12:13:08Z","timestamp":1762258388000},"page":"2790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Decompensation in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsueh-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5801-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Lun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2050-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Chi","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Big Data Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0521-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shwn-Huey","family":"Shieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2734-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Shun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9635-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian Chia-Rong","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.03.013","article-title":"Slow decline of hepatitis B burden in general population: Results from a population-based survey and longitudinal follow-up study in Taiwan","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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