{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:40:36Z","timestamp":1785174036187,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate salivary leptin, adiponectin, and calprotectin levels and to investigate the associations among these biomarkers in periodontally healthy individuals, as well as in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Methods: A total of 165 participants were included: 55 periodontally healthy individuals, 55 with gingivitis, and 55 with periodontitis. Unstimulated saliva was collected via passive drool, and salivary leptin, adiponectin, and calprotectin levels were biochemically quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Salivary leptin levels were significantly lower in the periodontally healthy group than those in the gingivitis and periodontitis groups, whereas adiponectin levels were reduced in the periodontitis group than in the periodontally healthy and gingivitis groups (p &lt; 0.05). Salivary calprotectin levels differed significantly among groups, highest in the periodontitis group, followed by the gingivitis and periodontally healthy groups (p &lt; 0.05). Salivary leptin and calprotectin levels demonstrated significant positive correlations with all clinical periodontal parameters, while adiponectin levels were negatively correlated (p &lt; 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic and logistic regression analyses identified salivary leptin, calprotectin, and adiponectin levels as significant biomarkers for distinguishing periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest salivary leptin, calprotectin, and adiponectin may serve as biomarkers and potential risk predictors of periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15222822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T10:56:45Z","timestamp":1762513005000},"page":"2822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Salivary Biomarker Profile in Periodontal Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study on Leptin, Adiponectin, and Calprotectin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Batuhan","family":"Bay\u0131rl\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmetcan","family":"Uytun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7018-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulden Canta\u015f","family":"T\u00fcrki\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6416-1442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ercan","family":"Saruhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6695-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00fcseyin Gencay","family":"Keceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12398","article-title":"Oral Health\u2019s Inextricable Connection to Systemic Health: Special Populations Bring to Bear Multimodal Relationships and Factors Connecting Periodontal Disease to Systemic Diseases and Conditions","volume":"87","author":"Kapila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12457","article-title":"Inflammation as a Link between Periodontal Disease and Obesity","volume":"90","author":"Pamuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01210-8","article-title":"Obesity in Adults","volume":"404","author":"Lingvay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.16.1523","article-title":"The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity","volume":"282","author":"Must","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Shawish, G., Betsy, J., and Anil, S. (2022). Is Obesity a Risk Factor for Periodontal Disease in Adults? A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912684"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12326","article-title":"The Association of Periodontal Diseases with Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity","volume":"83","author":"Jepsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6134362","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6134362","article-title":"Epidemiology, Predisposing Factors, Biomarkers, and Prevention Mechanism of Obesity: A Systematic Review","volume":"2020","author":"Endalifer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.15257","article-title":"Relationship among the Leptin-to-Adiponectin Ratio, Systemic Inflammation, and Anisocytosis in Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"78","author":"Rostoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5845","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S380642","article-title":"Adiponectin and Leptin as Biomarkers of Disease Activity and Metabolic Disorders in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","volume":"15","author":"Grzechnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16633","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16633","article-title":"The Relationship between Leptin and Periodontitis: A Literature Review","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16103","article-title":"The Adiponectin Receptor Agonist AdipoAI Attenuates Periodontitis in Diabetic Rats by Inhibiting Gingival Fibroblast-Induced Macrophage Migration","volume":"180","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12800","article-title":"Calprotectin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum of Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus before and after Initial Periodontal Therapy","volume":"56","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obradovic, M., Sudar-Milovanovic, E., Soskic, S., Zaric, B., and Radak, D. (2021). Leptin and Obesity: Role and Clinical Implication. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.585887"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-63657-8_16","article-title":"The Mechanism of Leptin Resistance in Obesity and Therapeutic Perspective","volume":"1460","author":"Engin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, H.N., and Jung, C.H. (2021). The Role of Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Moving beyond Adiponectin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413529"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.154008","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Adiponectin Induction in Obesity and Exercise","volume":"102","author":"Tam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J.Y., and Templeton, S.P. (2023). Regulation of Lung Inflammation by Adiponectin. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1244586"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead405","article-title":"Calprotectin: Two Sides of the Same Coin","volume":"63","author":"Carnazzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.08.025","article-title":"Calprotectin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"510","author":"Qujeq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inciarte-Mundo, J., Frade-Sosa, B., and Sanmart\u00ed, R. (2022). From Bench to Bedside: Calprotectin (S100A8\/S100A9) as a Biomarker in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1001025"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-2244","article-title":"Calprotectin, S100A8, and S100A9: Potential Biomarkers of Periodontal Inflammation\u2014A Scoping Review","volume":"14","author":"George","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13630","article-title":"Discovery, Validation, and Diagnostic Ability of Multiple Protein-Based Biomarkers in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid to Distinguish between Health and Periodontal Diseases","volume":"49","author":"Grant","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.14048","article-title":"Salivary and serum inflammatory biomarkers during periodontitis progression and after treatment","volume":"51","author":"Teles","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, H.A., Abdulkareem, A.A., Zardawi, F.M., and Gul, S.S. (2022). Determination of the accuracy of salivary biomarkers for periodontal diagnosis. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102485"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251336129","article-title":"Dysbiotic Microbiome-Metabolome Axis in Childhood Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Salman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3887","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1355_24","article-title":"Assessment of Serum Adiponectin and Leptin in Chronic Periodontitis over Healthy Individuals","volume":"16","author":"Preethanath","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C., Gomes, A.T.P., Leal, J., Costa, R., and Silva, M. (2025). Oral Health in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Overlooked Impact and the Potential Role of Salivary Calprotectin. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06064-5"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-023-00231-6","article-title":"Salivary biomarkers: Novel noninvasive tools to diagnose chronic inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Dongiovanni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2022.2063942","article-title":"Oral health by obesity classification in young obese women\u2014A cross-sectional study","volume":"80","author":"Taghat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jentsch, H.F.R., Dietrich, M., and Eick, S. (2020). Non-surgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive amoxicillin\/metronidazole or metronidazole when no Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is detected: A randomized clinical trial. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9100686"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04811-4","article-title":"Efficacy of the additional use of subgingival air-polishing with erythritol powder in the treatment of periodontitis patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Part II: Effect on subgingival microbiome","volume":"27","author":"Mensi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12940","article-title":"Periodontal Health and Gingival Diseases and Conditions on an Intact and a Reduced Periodontium: Consensus Report of Workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Chapple","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S162","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12946","article-title":"Periodontitis: Consensus Report of Workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bay\u0131rl\u0131, A.B., G\u00fcrhan, C., and Saruhan, E. (2024). Evaluation of Salivary Melatonin and MMP-9 Levels in Periodontal Diseases. Arch. Oral Biol., 169.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2024.106116"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sachelarie, L., Stefanescu, C.L., Murineanu, R.M., Grigorian, M., Zaharia, A., Scrobota, I., and Hurjui, L.L. (2025). Role of salivary biomarkers IL-1\u03b2 and MMP-8 in early detection and staging of periodontal disease. Medicina, 61.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61040760"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, R.C., Skelton, A.J., Todryk, S.M., Brown, A., and Clark, P. (2016). Leptin and Pro-Inflammatory Stimuli Synergistically Upregulate MMP-1 and MMP-3 Secretion in Human Gingival Fibroblasts. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148024"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.110346","article-title":"Relationships among Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1, Adipokines, Vitamin D, and Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"83","author":"Teles","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.5114\/jos.2021.106267","article-title":"Effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Salivary and Serum Leptin Levels in Patients with Generalized Stage II Grade B Periodontitis","volume":"74","author":"Suragimath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.06.036","article-title":"MMP-12 and S100s in Saliva Reflect Different Aspects of Periodontal Inflammation","volume":"113","author":"Zwicker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_149_21","article-title":"Comparison of Salivary Calprotectin Levels in Periodontitis Associated with Diabetes Mellitus after Low-Level Laser Therapy as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"26","author":"Kamatham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.15036","article-title":"Salivary Calprotectin and Neutrophils in Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Relation to Oral Diseases","volume":"31","author":"Majster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varma, S., Thomas, B., Subrahmanyam, K., Rao, A., and Mathew, J. (2024). Salivary Levels of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Biomarkers in Periodontitis Patients with and without Acute Myocardial Infarction: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment. Front. Oral Health, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2024.1332980"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796565","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/796565","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Adiponectin on Periodontal Ligament Cells under Normal and Regenerative Conditions","volume":"2014","author":"Nokhbehsaim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozak, M., Poniewierska-Baran, A., Czerewaty, M., Kowalska, M., and Wojdasiewicz, P. (2025). Effect of Adiponectin on the Expression of Selected Cytokines in Periodontal Ligament Cells. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14040321"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Md Tahir, K., Ab Malek, A.H., Vaithilingam, R.D., Saub, R., Safii, S.H., Rahman, M.T., Abdul Razak, F., Alabsi, A.M., and Baharuddin, N.A. (2020). Impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy on serum resistin and periodontal pathogen in periodontitis patients with obesity. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-1039-3"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominiak, M., Niemczyk, W., Pitu\u0142aj, A., \u015awienc, W., and Matys, J. (2025). Fatty degenerative osteonecrosis of the jaw: Bridging molecular insights and clinical practice\u2014A scoping review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051853"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"25","article-title":"Obesity and oral health: The link between adipokines and periodontitis","volume":"20","author":"Hsueh","year":"2024","journal-title":"TouchREVIEWS Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i61B35527","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Leptin Levels in Healthy and Chronic Periodontitis Patients with or without Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Keziah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2021.10.002","article-title":"Role of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on Leptin Levels and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Chronic Generalised Periodontitis Patients\u2014A Clinical Trial","volume":"12","author":"Nisha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"e78221","article-title":"A Comparative Study on Calprotectin Concentration in Periodontitis Patients before and after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Menon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2015.150254","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Calcium-Binding Myeloid-Related Protein-8\/14 in Saliva and Serum of Patients with Periodontitis and Healthy Individuals","volume":"87","author":"Haririan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"121","article-title":"Changes of Four Proinflammatory Proteins in Whole Saliva during Experimental Gingivitis","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, Q., and Huang, J. (2023). Association between Lipid Metabolism and Periodontitis in Obese Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Endocr. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01366-7"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5234","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.7998","article-title":"Identification of Leptin in Human Saliva","volume":"86","author":"Rauh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.03.006","article-title":"Adiponectin: Serum-Saliva Associations and Relations with Oral and Systemic Markers of Inflammation","volume":"91","author":"Riis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749409103041","article-title":"Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome in Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: Analysis of the Leukocyte Protein Calprotectin in Plasma and Saliva","volume":"23","author":"Brun","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2022.11.001","article-title":"The Influence of Periodontal Status and Serum Biomarkers on Salivary Leptin Levels in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients","volume":"34","author":"Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.72.9.1254","article-title":"Leptin within Healthy and Diseased Human Gingiva","volume":"72","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.116939","article-title":"Salivary Leptin as a Candidate Diagnostic Marker in Salivary Gland Tumors","volume":"55","author":"Schapher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1422","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-672020180001e1422","article-title":"Alveolar Bone Pattern and Salivary Leptin Levels among Premenopausal Obese Women","volume":"32","author":"Groppo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cir. Dig."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12340","article-title":"Is Obesity Associated with Healing after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy? A Local vs. Systemic Evaluation","volume":"51","author":"Duzagac","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"267","article-title":"Evaluation of Adipokine Levels in Obese Women with Periodontitis: A Cohort Study","volume":"34","author":"Alkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H.J., Oh, S., Quan, S., Lee, K., and Park, Y. (2014). Gender Differences in Adiponectin Levels and Body Composition in Older Adults: Hallym Aging Study. BMC Geriatr., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-14-8"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103112","article-title":"Periodontal Status and Whole Salivary Adipokines after Scaling and Root Planing with and without Adjunct Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Obese Patients with Periodontitis","volume":"40","author":"Abdellatif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13393","article-title":"Salivary Biomarkers for Discriminating Periodontitis in the Presence of Diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102536","article-title":"Serum and Salivary Adipokines in Type 2 Diabetes\u2014Results of a Pilot Study in India","volume":"16","author":"Vinitha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5166","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines, Adiponectin, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Control after Periodontal Intervention in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sales-Peres, S.H.C., Houghton, J., Meira, G.F., Roperto, R., and Sales-Peres, A. (2023). Salivary Adiponectin and Albumin Levels on the Gingival Conditions of Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: A Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20075261"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e150","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae130","article-title":"Plasma Calprotectin and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes in the General Population: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"110","author":"Bourgonje","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01655-8","article-title":"The Relationship between Leptin-to-Adiponectin Ratio and HOMA-IR and Metabolic Syndrome in Five African-Origin Populations","volume":"49","author":"Sweis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/22\/2822\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T11:18:25Z","timestamp":1762514305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/22\/2822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15222822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15222822","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]}}}